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BIO 446L > Nervous Tissue and Cells > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue and Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Structural Divisions of Nervous System

A

Central nervous
system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous
system (PNS): Cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves
conducting impulses.
Ganglia (small aggregates of nerve cells outside the
CNS).

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2
Q

Functional Divisions of Nervous System

A 
Sensory division (afferent) 
Motor division (efferent)
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3
Q

Sensory division (afferent)

A

Somatic – Sensory input perceived consciously (e.g.,
from eyes, ears, skin, musculoskeletal structures).

Visceral – Sensory input not perceived consciously

(e. g., from internal organs and cardiovascular
structures) .

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4
Q

Motor division (efferent)

A

Somatic – Motor output controlled consciously or
voluntarily (e.g., by skeletal muscle effectors).

Autonomic – Motor output not controlled consciously
(e.g., by heart or gland effectors).

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5
Q

Nervous system cell types

A

Cells in both central and peripheral nerve
tissue are of two kinds:

Neurons, which typically have numerous long
processes.

Glial cells which have short processes, support
and protect neurons, and participate in many
neural activities, neural nutrition, and defense of
cells in the CNS.

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6
Q

Neuron functions

A

Maintain ionic gradient, also called electrical potential, across cell membrane

React promptly to stimuli with a reversal of the ionic gradient (membrane depolarization)

The functional units of the PNS and CNS

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Small molecules of a number of different types.

Released by exocytosis from terminal bouton

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8
Q

Neuron parts

A

(1) The cell body (= perikaryon or soma) is often large, with a large, nucleus and well-developed nucleolus.
(2) Numerous short dendrites receiving input from other neurons.

(3) A long axon carries impulses from the
cell body and is covered by a myelin sheath composed of other cells.

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9
Q

Axons

A

Most neurons have only one axon, typically longer than its dendrites.

The plasma membrane of the axon is the axolemma and its contents are the axoplasm.

Axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the axon hillock

Each small axonal branch ends with a dilation called a terminal bouton

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10
Q

Types of Neurons

A

Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar, Anaxonic

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11
Q

Multipolar

A

A type of neuron with one axon and two or more dendrites, are the most common.

All motor neurons and CNS interneurons are multipolar

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12
Q

Bipolar

A

A type of neuron that has one dendrite and one axon, comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, the olfactory epithelium, and
the inner ear.

One dendrite and one axon entering nerve cell body

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13
Q

Unipolar

A

A type of neuron which include all other sensory neurons, each have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch
extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS.

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14
Q

Anaxonic

A

A type of neuron that has many dendrites but no true axon, do not produce action potentials (they are non-spiking), but regulate electrical changes of adjacent CNS neurons. Found in the brain and retina.

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory and motor neurons to each other, forming complex
functional networks or circuits in the CNS.
Interneurons make up 99% of all neurons in adults.

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16
Q

Gray matter

A

Most neuronal cell bodies occur in this

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17
Q

White matter

A

Most axons concentrated in this

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18
Q

Synapses

A

Sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from
one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells.

The structure of a synapse ensures that transmission is
unidirectional.

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19
Q

Anesthetics

A

Most local anesthetics are low-molecular-weight
molecules that bind to the voltage-gated sodium channels, interfering with sodium ion influx and, consequently, inhibiting the action potential responsible for the nerve impulse.

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20
Q

Common neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

Amino acids: Glutamate, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Monoamines: Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Neuropeptides: Cholecystokinin (CCK), Beta-endorphin

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21
Q

Actylcholine

A

A type of neurotransmitter that binds to ACh receptors in PNS to open ion channels in postsynaptic membrane and stimulate muscle contraction

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22
Q

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

A

Has various functions in the brain related to sleep, appetite, cognition (learning, memory), and mood; modulates actions of other neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Dopamine

A

important roles in cognition (learning, memory), motivation, behavior, and mood

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24
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

Neurotransmitter in PNS and specific CNS regions

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25
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

Has various effects in the CNS

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26
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Stimulates neurons in the brain to help mediate satiation and repress hunger

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27
Q

Beta-endorphin

A

Prevents release of pain signals from neurons and fosters a feeling of well-being

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28
Q

Glial Cells

A

Support neuronal survival and activities, and are 10x more abundant than neurons in the mammalian brain. Like neurons, most
glial cells develop from the embryonic neural plate.

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29
Q

Neuropil

A

Any area in the nervous
system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons,
dendrites and glial cell processes that form a
synaptically dense region containing a relatively low
number of cell bodies.

The most prevalent anatomical region of neuropil is the brain.

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30
Q

Different Neuroglial (Glial) Cells

A

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia, Schwann Cells, Satellite cells (of ganglia)

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31
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: CNS

Functions: Myelin production, electric insulation

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32
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant glial cells of the CNS

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: CNS

Functions: Structural and metabolic support of
neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes

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33
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: Lining of brain
ventricles and
central canal of CNS

Functions: Aid in production and movement of CSF

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34
Q

Microglia

A

Origin: Bone Marrow (monocytes)

Location: CNS

Functions: Defense and Immune-related activities

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35
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Origin: Neural Crest

Location: Peripheral nerves

Functions: Myelin production, electrical insulation

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36
Q

Satellite cells (of ganglia)

A

Origin: Neural Crest

Location: Peripheral nerves

Functions: Structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies
Insulate, nourish, and regulate the microenvironments of neurons in PNS

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37
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

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38
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) has the following type(s) of nerve fibers:

A

Both sensory and motor

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39
Q

Neural plasticity, which occurs during embryonic brain development and underlies adaptation, learning, and memory postnatally, depends critically on changes in

A

Dendritic spines

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40
Q

The possible effect(s) of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to

A

Either depolarize or hyperpolarize, depending on the type of synapse.

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41
Q

Are glial cells excitable?

A

No

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42
Q

Somatic sensory nerve fibers receive information from

A

Skeletal muscle

43
Q

Glial cells with myelin sheathes, found in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

44
Q

Cells whose processes are reinforced by glial fibrillary acid protein

A

Astrocytes

45
Q

The most numerous type of glial cell in the brain

A

Astrocytes

46
Q

Function as part of the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

47
Q

These cells line the ventricles of the brain

A

Ependymal cells

48
Q

Facilitate movement of CSF

A

Ependymal cells

49
Q

These cells migrate and remove damaged synapses

A

Microglia

50
Q

The only glial cell derived from blood cells.

A

Microglia

51
Q

Produce myelin sheathes in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

Cells that support or nourish the neurons of ganglia

A

Satellite cells

53
Q

What is an example of a low-molecular-weight molecule that bind to the voltage-gated sodium channels of the nerve cell membrane and inhibit the action potential that produces the nerve impulse.

A

Local anesthetics

54
Q

The voltage difference between the exterior and interior of the cell, across the cell membrane is called the membrane potential. In certain types of cells, the voltage fluctuations frequently take the form of a rapid upward spike followed by a rapid fall. This fluctuation is called the

A

Action potential, Depolarization wave, Nerve impulse

55
Q

Which functional part of the nervous system transmits impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands?

A

Motor

56
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) has which type(s) of nerve fibers?

A

Sensory and motor fibers

57
Q

Which type of fibers innervates skeletal muscle, causing muscles to contract?

A

Somatic Motor

58
Q

________ are sites where action potentials are transmitted from one neuron to another.

A

Synapses

59
Q

The visceral sensory fibers of the nervous system receive information from the

A

Esophagus, stomach, intestines

60
Q

Somatic Sensory nervous system

A

Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses

61
Q

Visceral Sensory nervous system

A

Receives sensory information from viscera (intestines)

62
Q

Somatic Motor nervous system

A

Transmits information to skeletal muscles.

“Voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscles

63
Q

Autonomic Motor nervous system

A

Transmits information to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

“Involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

64
Q

Reversed prompt

Central nervous
system (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous
system (PNS): Cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves
conducting impulses.
Ganglia (small aggregates of nerve cells outside the
CNS).

A

Structural Divisions of Nervous System

65
Q

Reversed prompt

Sensory division (afferent) 
Motor division (efferent)
A

Functional Divisions of Nervous System

66
Q

Reversed prompt

Somatic – Sensory input perceived consciously (e.g.,
from eyes, ears, skin, musculoskeletal structures).

Visceral – Sensory input not perceived consciously

(e. g., from internal organs and cardiovascular
structures) .

A

Sensory division (afferent)

67
Q

Reversed prompt

Somatic – Motor output controlled consciously or
voluntarily (e.g., by skeletal muscle effectors).

Autonomic – Motor output not controlled consciously
(e.g., by heart or gland effectors).

A

Motor division (efferent)

68
Q

Reversed prompt

Cells in both central and peripheral nerve
tissue are of two kinds:

Neurons, which typically have numerous long
processes.

Glial cells which have short processes, support
and protect neurons, and participate in many
neural activities, neural nutrition, and defense of
cells in the CNS.

A

Nervous system cell types

69
Q

Reversed prompt

Maintain ionic gradient, also called electrical potential, across cell membrane

React promptly to stimuli with a reversal of the ionic gradient (membrane depolarization)

The functional units of the PNS and CNS

A

Neuron functions

70
Q

Reversed prompt

Small molecules of a number of different types.

Released by exocytosis from terminal bouton

A

Neurotransmitters

71
Q

Reversed prompt

(1) The cell body (= perikaryon or soma) is often large, with a large, nucleus and well-developed nucleolus.
(2) Numerous short dendrites receiving input from other neurons.

(3) A long axon carries impulses from the
cell body and is covered by a myelin sheath composed of other cells.

A

Neuron parts

72
Q

Reversed prompt

Most neurons have only one axon, typically longer than its dendrites.

The plasma membrane of the axon is the axolemma and its contents are the axoplasm.

Axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region of the perikaryon called the axon hillock

Each small axonal branch ends with a dilation called a terminal bouton

A

Axons

73
Q

Reversed prompt

Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar, Anaxonic

A

Types of Neurons

74
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of neuron with one axon and two or more dendrites, are the most common.

All motor neurons and CNS interneurons are multipolar

A

Multipolar

75
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of neuron that has one dendrite and one axon, comprise the sensory neurons of the retina, the olfactory epithelium, and
the inner ear.

One dendrite and one axon entering nerve cell body

A

Bipolar

76
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of neuron which include all other sensory neurons, each have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch
extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS.

A

Unipolar

77
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of neuron that has many dendrites but no true axon, do not produce action potentials (they are non-spiking), but regulate electrical changes of adjacent CNS neurons. Found in the brain and retina.

A

Anaxonic

78
Q

Reversed prompt

Connect sensory and motor neurons to each other, forming complex
functional networks or circuits in the CNS.
Interneurons make up 99% of all neurons in adults.

A

Interneurons

79
Q

Reversed prompt

Most neuronal cell bodies occur in this

A

Gray matter

80
Q

Reversed prompt

Most axons concentrated in this

A

White matter

81
Q

Reversed prompt

Sites where nerve impulses are transmitted from
one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells.

The structure of a synapse ensures that transmission is
unidirectional.

A

Synapses

82
Q

Reversed prompt

Most local anesthetics are low-molecular-weight
molecules that bind to the voltage-gated sodium channels, interfering with sodium ion influx and, consequently, inhibiting the action potential responsible for the nerve impulse.

A

Anesthetics

83
Q

Reversed prompt

Acetylcholine

Amino acids: Glutamate, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Monoamines: Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Neuropeptides: Cholecystokinin (CCK), Beta-endorphin

A

Common neurotransmitters

84
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of neurotransmitter that binds to ACh receptors in PNS to open ion channels in postsynaptic membrane and stimulate muscle contraction

A

Actylcholine

85
Q

Reversed prompt

Has various functions in the brain related to sleep, appetite, cognition (learning, memory), and mood; modulates actions of other neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

86
Q

Reversed prompt

important roles in cognition (learning, memory), motivation, behavior, and mood

A

Dopamine

87
Q

Reversed prompt

Neurotransmitter in PNS and specific CNS regions

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

88
Q

Reversed prompt

Has various effects in the CNS

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

89
Q

Reversed prompt

Stimulates neurons in the brain to help mediate satiation and repress hunger

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

90
Q

Reversed prompt

Prevents release of pain signals from neurons and fosters a feeling of well-being

A

Beta-endorphin

91
Q

Reversed prompt

Support neuronal survival and activities, and are 10x more abundant than neurons in the mammalian brain. Like neurons, most
glial cells develop from the embryonic neural plate.

A

Glial Cells

92
Q

Reversed prompt

Any area in the nervous
system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons,
dendrites and glial cell processes that form a
synaptically dense region containing a relatively low
number of cell bodies.

The most prevalent anatomical region of neuropil is the brain.

A

Neuropil

93
Q

Reversed prompt

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia, Schwann Cells, Satellite cells (of ganglia)

A

Different Neuroglial (Glial) Cells

94
Q

Reversed prompt

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: CNS

Functions: Myelin production, electric insulation

A

Oligodendrocytes

95
Q

Reversed prompt

Most abundant glial cells of the CNS

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: CNS

Functions: Structural and metabolic support of
neurons, especially at synapses; repair processes

A

Astrocytes

96
Q

Reversed prompt

Origin: Neural Tube

Location: Lining of brain
ventricles and
central canal of CNS

Functions: Aid in production and movement of CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

97
Q

Reversed prompt

Origin: Bone Marrow (monocytes)

Location: CNS

Functions: Defense and Immune-related activities

A

Microglia

98
Q

Reversed prompt

Origin: Neural Crest

Location: Peripheral nerves

Functions: Myelin production, electrical insulation

A

Schwann Cells

99
Q

Reversed prompt

Origin: Neural Crest

Location: Peripheral nerves

Functions: Structural and metabolic support for neuronal cell bodies
Insulate, nourish, and regulate the microenvironments of neurons in PNS

A

Satellite cells (of ganglia)

100
Q

Reversed prompt

Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses

A

Somatic Sensory nervous system

101
Q

Reversed prompt

Receives sensory information from viscera (intestines)

A

Visceral Sensory nervous system

102
Q

Reversed prompt

Transmits information to skeletal muscles.

“Voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Motor nervous system

103
Q

Reversed prompt

Transmits information to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

“Involuntary” nervous system: innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

A

Autonomic Motor nervous system

BIO 446L (22 decks)

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