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BIO 446L > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, arteries, veins, and
microvascular beds.

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2
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The right side of the heart pumps blood through pulmonary vessels, through the lungs for oxygenation, and back to the left side of the heart.

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3
Q

Systemic circulation

A

This is larger; it pumps blood from the left side of the heart through vessels supplying the head, limbs, and many organs, and back to the right side of
the heart.

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4
Q

Lymphatic vascular system

A

Returns interstitial fluid
from tissue spaces of the body to the blood.

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5
Q

General Blood Flow in the Heart

A
  1. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, returning systemic, deoxygenated blood, empty into the right atrium; no valves are present.
  2. Blood passes through the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve into
    the right ventricle.
  3. Blood then passes through the pulmonary (semilunar) valve, through
    the pulmonary trunk and then two pulmonary arteries, to the lungs.
  4. Blood returns from the lungs via the left and right pulmonary veins, and
    enters the left atrium (no valve).
  5. Blood then passes through the bicuspid (L atrioventricular) valve to the
    left ventricle.
  6. Blood next passes through the aortic valve (also semilunar) into the
    ascending aorta, then to the aortic arch, which has branches to the head and upper limbs.
  7. Blood then passes down the descending aorta to the rest of the body (lower limbs, abdominal organs, etc.).
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6
Q

Valves on Right Side of Heart

A

Tricuspid valve
(= R Atrioventricular)

Pulmonary valve
(= Semilunar)

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7
Q

Valves on Left Side of Heart

A

Mitral Valve
(= Biscuspid or L Atrioventricular)

Aortic Valve
(= Semilunar)

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8
Q

Diastole

A

Contraction of the atria.

Semilunar valves close and AV valves open

During diastole, the ventricular volume increases

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9
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

AV valves close and Semilunar valves open

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10
Q

Phonocardiogram

A

The sound labeled 1st
contributes to the S1 heart sound (the pulse) and is the reverberation of blood from the sudden closure of the mitral valve (left A-V
valve) and the tricuspid valve.

The sound labeled 2nd contributes to the S2 heart sound and is the reverberation of blood from the sudden closure of the aortic valve and the 
pulmonary valve (both semilunar).
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11
Q

Regurgitation

A

Abnormal valves may not close tightly, allowing slight regurgitation and backflow of blood.

May produce an abnormal heart sound referred to as a heart murmur.

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12
Q

Stenosis

A

The heart valves may not open properly (stenosis), and more force is needed to push blood through.

May produce an abnormal heart sound referred to as a heart murmur.

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13
Q

Endocardium

A

The innermost lining of the the heart. Contains areolar tissue and endothelium

Consists of a thin inner layer of endothelium and supporting connective tissue, a middle myoelastic layer of smooth muscle fibers and connective
tissue, and a deep layer of connective tissue called the subendocardial layer that
merges with the myocardium.

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14
Q

Myocardium

A

The middle and thickest layer. It is mainly cardiac muscle.

The myocardium is much thicker in the walls of the ventricles, particularly the left, than in the atrial walls.

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15
Q

Epicardium

A

Contains epithelium and areolar tissue

The outermost layer. It is a simple squamous
mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves, and adipose tissue.

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16
Q

Pericardial sac

A

A double-layered sac that encases the heart. Between the two layers (parietal pericardium and visceral
pericardium), a fluid lubricates the surfaces and reduces friction between the layers when the heart beats.

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17
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

A node of specialized myocardial tissue in the right atrium known as the pacemaker

Impulses initiated by cells of the SA node move along the myocardial fibers of both atria, stimulating contraction.

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18
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

A node of specialized myocardial tissue in the right atrium followed by the AV bundle (of His) and the subendocardial conducting network.

Impulses reach the AV node from the SA node and stimulate depolarization of its
cells.

Conducting muscle fibers from the AV node form the AV bundle, pass into the interventricular septum, and bifurcate into
the wall of each ventricle as the left and right bundle
branches.

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19
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Subdivisions of the left and right bundle branches that trigger waves of contraction through both ventricles simultaneously.

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20
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

Stimulation of the parasympathetic division (vagus nerve) slows the heartbeat, whereas stimulation of the sympathetic nerve accelerates activity of the pacemaker.

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21
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

An abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart.

May cause ventricular tachycardia.

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22
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

An abnormal heart rhythm in which the ventricles of the heart quiver, due to disorganized electrical activity.

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23
Q

Types of tissue in blood vessels

A

Walls of all blood vessels except capillaries contain three types of tissue:

smooth muscle, connective tissue, and endothelium.

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24
Q

Endothelium

A

A specialized epithelium that is a semipermeable barrier between the blood and the interstitial tissue fluid. The endothelial cells of blood vessels are squamous, polygonal, and elongated

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25
Q

Smooth muscle fibers

A

In the walls of all vessels except capillaries and are
arranged in layers helically (like a spiral). In arterioles and small arteries, the smooth muscle cells permit vasoconstriction and vasodilation which are important for regulating
overall blood pressure.

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26
Q

Walls of Arteries and
Veins

A

Walls of arteries and
veins have three “tunics”:

tunica intima 
tunica media 
tunica adventitia (or externa)
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27
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

These bring O2 and nutrients to local cells: Arterioles, capillaries,
and venules

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28
Q

Antithrombogenic

A

Normal vascular endothelium is antithrombogenic, preventing adhesion of
blood cells and platelets, and preventing blood
clot formation under normal circumstances.

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29
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
smooth muscle

Tunica Media: Elastic fiber
layers alternating with
smooth muscle layers

Function: Conduct blood from heart; uses elastic recoil to maintain steady
pressure

The largest arteries contain considerable elastic material and expand with blood when the heart contracts. These include
aorta, the pulmonary artery, and their largest branches.

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30
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
less smooth muscle

Tunica Media: Much smooth muscle; fewer elastic fibers

Function: Move blood to organs; vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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31
Q

Small arteries

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium; even less smooth muscle

Tunica Media: 3-10 layers smooth muscle

Function: Move blood to arterioles; vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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32
Q

Arterioles

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
no smooth muscle

Tunica Media: 1-3 layers smooth muscle

Function: Control blood flow to capillaries using sphincters

Branch to form networks of
capillaries. These vessels are the major determinants of systemic blood pressure.

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33
Q

Windkessel Effect

A

The walls of large elastic arteries (e.g. aorta, common carotid, subclavian, and
pulmonary arteries and their larger branches) contain elastic fibers. These arteries distend when the blood pressure rises during systole and recoil when the blood pressure falls during diastole.

The Windkessel effect helps in damping the fluctuation in blood pressure over the cardiac cycle and assists in the maintenance of blood pressure during diastole when cardiac ejection ceases.

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34
Q

Arterial Sensory Structures

A

Arterial sensory mechanisms use chemoreceptors and baroreceptors.

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35
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor primarily partial pressure of O2, but
also CO2 and the pH levels.

They are located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies in the walls of the carotid arteries and aortic arch, respectively.

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36
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Include the carotid sinus and aortic sinus. These are regions of the vessels where there are more
sensory nerve fibers that monitor the distension of the vessels and send signals to the brain to adjust vasoconstriction.

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37
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A disease of elastic arteries and large muscular arteries that may play a role in nearly half of all deaths in developed
parts of the world.

It is initiated by damaged endothelial cells that oxidize low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs), which induces entry of macrophages to remove
the LDL.

Lipid filled macrophages accumulate and develop into fibro-fatty plaques, or atheroma.

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38
Q

Atheroma

A

In elastic arteries, atheroma produce localized destruction causing arterial bulges or aneurysms

In muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries, atheroma can occlude blood flow to downstream vessels, leading to ischemic heart disease.

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39
Q

Capillaries

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium only

Tunica Media: –

Function: Exchange metabolites by diffusion across cells

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40
Q

Venules

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium only

Tunica Media: Scattered smooth muscle cells

Function: Drain capillary beds.

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41
Q

Small veins

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue

Tunica Media: 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

Function: Collect blood from venules

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42
Q

Medium veins

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue, with valves

Tunica Media: 3-5 layers smooth muscle

Function: Carry blood to larger veins with no backflow

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43
Q

Large veins

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue, with valves; smooth muscle

Tunica Media: >5 layers smooth muscle

Function: Return blood to heart

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44
Q

Valves

A

Large and medium veins have valves, which are thin folds of the tunica intima.

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45
Q

Arteriovenous
(AV) shunts or anastomoses

A

Commonly coiled, which directly connect the arterial and venous systems and temporarily bypass capillaries.

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46
Q

Venous portal systems

A

One capillary bed drains into a vein that then branches again into another
capillary bed. This allows molecules in the first set of
capillaries to be delivered quickly and at high concentrations to tissues at the second capillary bed,
which is important in the anterior pituitary gland
and liver.

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47
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

The most common type (skin), have tight and
occluding junctions sealing the endothelial cells to produce minimal fluid
leakage, as in the blood-brain barrier. Molecules cross the endothelium by
diffusion or transcytosis.

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48
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Also have tight junctions, but perforations (fenestrations) through the endothelial cells allow greater exchange. Fenestrated capillaries are
found in organs where small molecular exchange with the blood is important,
such as endocrine organs, intestinal walls, and choroid plexus.

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49
Q

Sinusoids or discontinuous capillaries

A

Usually have a wider diameter than the other types and have large gaps between the endothelial cells. Sinusoids are found in organs where exchange or macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood, such as in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.

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50
Q

The atrioventricular bundle is made of fibers made of impulse-conducting heart cells. It passes into the inter ventricular system and then branches into.

A

Left and Right bundles.

51
Q

Endocardium (internal lining of the heart) includes two layers. They are

A

Endothelium and areolar connective tissue

52
Q

Heart murmur is caused by some sort of defect in structure/function of a heart valve. Which of these is the most common cause of heart murmur?

A

Regurgitation of the mitral valve

53
Q

Which very large vein(s) empties into the right atrium of the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava.

54
Q

Which of these heart chambers has the thickest muscular wall (myocardium)?

A

Left Ventricle

55
Q

Which structure connects the chordae tendineae to the wall of the ventricle?

A

Papillary muscles

56
Q

If the pericardial sac fills with fluid, this can cause severe problems. Why?

A

The fluid pressure prevents normal contraction of the heart

57
Q

Which of these pairs of heart valves does not have chordae tendineae associated with them?

A

Pulmonary valves and aortic valves

58
Q

As systole begins, which heart valves are closed?

A

The two atrioventricular valves

59
Q

Trabeculae carneae of the heart are found in

A

Both ventricles

60
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

A bulging in an artery.

61
Q

Which of these blood vessels is the major determinant of systemic blood pressure?

A

Arterioles

62
Q

_____________________ are the “plaques” that adhere to arterial walls.

A

Atheromas

63
Q

Which of these factors predisposes a person to developing atheroma?

A

A high LDL:HDL ratio.

64
Q

Atherosclerosis typically occurs in which type of blood vessels?

A

Elastic and large muscular arteries

65
Q

When we talked about the nervous system we discussed the blood-brain barrier. Capillaries of the blood-brain barrier are of which type?

A

Continuous

66
Q

Moderate-sized arteries and veins have three tissue layers in common. They are

A

Endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.

67
Q

The capillaries of endocrine organs are

A

Fenestrated to allow passage of hormones into the blood.

68
Q

Fluid that seeps out of capillaries into the spaces between cells in the surrounding tissue is called

A

Interstitial Fluid

69
Q

As one gets further away from the heart, the arteries

A

Have fewer elastic fibers.

70
Q

In which vessels of the circulatory system is the loss of fluid from the blood into the surrounding tissue typically the greatest?

A

Postcapillary venules

71
Q

A thrombosis may cause

A

Ischemia to the heart.

72
Q

Valves in veins are formed from the

A

Tunica intima

73
Q

In which type of vessels are passive valves most common?

A

Medium and large veins

74
Q

Which type of vessel drains capillary beds?

A

Venules

75
Q

Reversed prompt

Heart, arteries, veins, and
microvascular beds.

A

Cardiovascular system

76
Q

Reversed prompt

The right side of the heart pumps blood through pulmonary vessels, through the lungs for oxygenation, and back to the left side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

77
Q

Reversed prompt

This is larger; it pumps blood from the left side of the heart through vessels supplying the head, limbs, and many organs, and back to the right side of
the heart.

A

Systemic circulation

78
Q

Reversed prompt

Returns interstitial fluid
from tissue spaces of the body to the blood.

A

Lymphatic vascular system

79
Q

Reversed prompt

  1. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, returning systemic, deoxygenated blood, empty into the right atrium; no valves are present.
  2. Blood passes through the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve into
    the right ventricle.
  3. Blood then passes through the pulmonary (semilunar) valve, through
    the pulmonary trunk and then two pulmonary arteries, to the lungs.
  4. Blood returns from the lungs via the left and right pulmonary veins, and
    enters the left atrium (no valve).
  5. Blood then passes through the bicuspid (L atrioventricular) valve to the
    left ventricle.
  6. Blood next passes through the aortic valve (also semilunar) into the
    ascending aorta, then to the aortic arch, which has branches to the head and upper limbs.
  7. Blood then passes down the descending aorta to the rest of the body (lower limbs, abdominal organs, etc.).
A

General Blood Flow in the Heart

80
Q

Reversed prompt

Tricuspid valve
(= R Atrioventricular)

Pulmonary valve
(= Semilunar)

A

Valves on Right Side of Heart

81
Q

Reversed prompt

Mitral Valve
(= Biscuspid or L Atrioventricular)

Aortic Valve
(= Semilunar)

A

Valves on Left Side of Heart

82
Q

Reversed prompt

Contraction of the atria.

Semilunar valves close and AV valves open

During diastole, the ventricular volume increases

A

Diastole

83
Q

Reversed prompt

Contraction of the ventricles

AV valves close and Semilunar valves open

A

Systole

84
Q

Reversed prompt

The sound labeled 1st
contributes to the S1 heart sound (the pulse) and is the reverberation of blood from the sudden closure of the mitral valve (left A-V
valve) and the tricuspid valve.

The sound labeled 2nd contributes to the S2 heart sound and is the reverberation of blood from the sudden closure of the aortic valve and the 
pulmonary valve (both semilunar).
A

Phonocardiogram

85
Q

Reversed prompt

Abnormal valves may not close tightly, allowing slight regurgitation and backflow of blood.

May produce an abnormal heart sound referred to as a heart murmur.

A

Regurgitation

86
Q

Reversed prompt

The heart valves may not open properly (stenosis), and more force is needed to push blood through.

May produce an abnormal heart sound referred to as a heart murmur.

A

Stenosis

87
Q

Reversed prompt

The innermost lining of the the heart. Contains areolar tissue and endothelium

Consists of a thin inner layer of endothelium and supporting connective tissue, a middle myoelastic layer of smooth muscle fibers and connective
tissue, and a deep layer of connective tissue called the subendocardial layer that
merges with the myocardium.

A

Endocardium

88
Q

Reversed prompt

The middle and thickest layer. It is mainly cardiac muscle.

The myocardium is much thicker in the walls of the ventricles, particularly the left, than in the atrial walls.

A

Myocardium

89
Q

Reversed prompt

Contains epithelium and areolar tissue

The outermost layer. It is a simple squamous
mesothelium supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves, and adipose tissue.

A

Epicardium

90
Q

Reversed prompt

A double-layered sac that encases the heart. Between the two layers (parietal pericardium and visceral
pericardium), a fluid lubricates the surfaces and reduces friction between the layers when the heart beats.

A

Pericardial sac

91
Q

Reversed prompt

A node of specialized myocardial tissue in the right atrium known as the pacemaker

Impulses initiated by cells of the SA node move along the myocardial fibers of both atria, stimulating contraction.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

92
Q

Reversed prompt

A node of specialized myocardial tissue in the right atrium followed by the AV bundle (of His) and the subendocardial conducting network.

Impulses reach the AV node from the SA node and stimulate depolarization of its
cells.

Conducting muscle fibers from the AV node form the AV bundle, pass into the interventricular septum, and bifurcate into
the wall of each ventricle as the left and right bundle
branches.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

93
Q

Reversed prompt

Subdivisions of the left and right bundle branches that trigger waves of contraction through both ventricles simultaneously.

A

Purkinje fibers

94
Q

Reversed prompt

Stimulation of the parasympathetic division (vagus nerve) slows the heartbeat, whereas stimulation of the sympathetic nerve accelerates activity of the pacemaker.

A

Innervation of the heart

95
Q

Reversed prompt

An abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart.

May cause ventricular tachycardia.

A

Atrial fibrillation

96
Q

Reversed prompt

An abnormal heart rhythm in which the ventricles of the heart quiver, due to disorganized electrical activity.

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

97
Q

Reversed prompt

Walls of all blood vessels except capillaries contain three types of tissue:

smooth muscle, connective tissue, and endothelium.

A

Types of tissue in blood vessels

98
Q

Reversed prompt

A specialized epithelium that is a semipermeable barrier between the blood and the interstitial tissue fluid. The endothelial cells of blood vessels are squamous, polygonal, and elongated

A

Endothelium

99
Q

Reversed prompt

In the walls of all vessels except capillaries and are
arranged in layers helically (like a spiral). In arterioles and small arteries, the smooth muscle cells permit vasoconstriction and vasodilation which are important for regulating
overall blood pressure.

A

Smooth muscle fibers

100
Q

Reversed prompt

Walls of arteries and
veins have three “tunics”:

tunica intima 
tunica media 
tunica adventitia (or externa)
A

Walls of Arteries and
Veins

101
Q

Reversed prompt

These bring O2 and nutrients to local cells: Arterioles, capillaries,
and venules

A

Vasa vasorum

102
Q

Reversed prompt

Normal vascular endothelium is antithrombogenic, preventing adhesion of
blood cells and platelets, and preventing blood
clot formation under normal circumstances.

A

Antithrombogenic

103
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
smooth muscle

Tunica Media: Elastic fiber
layers alternating with
smooth muscle layers

Function: Conduct blood from heart; uses elastic recoil to maintain steady
pressure

The largest arteries contain considerable elastic material and expand with blood when the heart contracts. These include
aorta, the pulmonary artery, and their largest branches.

A

Elastic arteries

104
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
less smooth muscle

Tunica Media: Much smooth muscle; fewer elastic fibers

Function: Move blood to organs; vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Muscular arteries

105
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium; even less smooth muscle

Tunica Media: 3-10 layers smooth muscle

Function: Move blood to arterioles; vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Small arteries

106
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium;
no smooth muscle

Tunica Media: 1-3 layers smooth muscle

Function: Control blood flow to capillaries using sphincters

Branch to form networks of
capillaries. These vessels are the major determinants of systemic blood pressure.

A

Arterioles

107
Q

Reversed prompt

The walls of large elastic arteries (e.g. aorta, common carotid, subclavian, and
pulmonary arteries and their larger branches) contain elastic fibers. These arteries distend when the blood pressure rises during systole and recoil when the blood pressure falls during diastole.

The Windkessel effect helps in damping the fluctuation in blood pressure over the cardiac cycle and assists in the maintenance of blood pressure during diastole when cardiac ejection ceases.

A

Windkessel Effect

108
Q

Reversed prompt

Arterial sensory mechanisms use chemoreceptors and baroreceptors.

A

Arterial Sensory Structures

109
Q

Reversed prompt

Monitor primarily partial pressure of O2, but
also CO2 and the pH levels.

They are located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies in the walls of the carotid arteries and aortic arch, respectively.

A

Chemoreceptors

110
Q

Reversed prompt

Include the carotid sinus and aortic sinus. These are regions of the vessels where there are more
sensory nerve fibers that monitor the distension of the vessels and send signals to the brain to adjust vasoconstriction.

A

Baroreceptors

111
Q

Reversed prompt

A disease of elastic arteries and large muscular arteries that may play a role in nearly half of all deaths in developed
parts of the world.

It is initiated by damaged endothelial cells that oxidize low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs), which induces entry of macrophages to remove
the LDL.

Lipid filled macrophages accumulate and develop into fibro-fatty plaques, or atheroma.

A

Atherosclerosis

112
Q

Reversed prompt

In elastic arteries, atheroma produce localized destruction causing arterial bulges or aneurysms

In muscular arteries such as the coronary arteries, atheroma can occlude blood flow to downstream vessels, leading to ischemic heart disease.

A

Atheroma

113
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium only

Tunica Media: –

Function: Exchange metabolites by diffusion across cells

A

Capillaries

114
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium only

Tunica Media: Scattered smooth muscle cells

Function: Drain capillary beds.

A

Venules

115
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue

Tunica Media: 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

Function: Collect blood from venules

A

Small veins

116
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue, with valves

Tunica Media: 3-5 layers smooth muscle

Function: Carry blood to larger veins with no backflow

A

Medium veins

117
Q

Reversed prompt

Tunica Intima: Endothelium and connective tissue, with valves; smooth muscle

Tunica Media: >5 layers smooth muscle

Function: Return blood to heart

A

Large veins

118
Q

Reversed prompt

Large and medium veins have valves, which are thin folds of the tunica intima.

A

Valves

119
Q

Reversed prompt

Commonly coiled, which directly connect the arterial and venous systems and temporarily bypass capillaries.

A

Arteriovenous
(AV) shunts or anastomoses

120
Q

Reversed prompt

One capillary bed drains into a vein that then branches again into another
capillary bed. This allows molecules in the first set of
capillaries to be delivered quickly and at high concentrations to tissues at the second capillary bed,
which is important in the anterior pituitary gland
and liver.

A

Venous portal systems

121
Q

Reversed prompt

The most common type (skin), have tight and
occluding junctions sealing the endothelial cells to produce minimal fluid
leakage, as in the blood-brain barrier. Molecules cross the endothelium by
diffusion or transcytosis.

A

Continuous capillaries

122
Q

Reversed prompt

Also have tight junctions, but perforations (fenestrations) through the endothelial cells allow greater exchange. Fenestrated capillaries are
found in organs where small molecular exchange with the blood is important,
such as endocrine organs, intestinal walls, and choroid plexus.

A

Fenestrated capillaries

123
Q

Reversed prompt

Usually have a wider diameter than the other types and have large gaps between the endothelial cells. Sinusoids are found in organs where exchange or macromolecules and cells occurs readily between tissue and blood, such as in bone marrow, liver, and spleen.

A

Sinusoids or discontinuous capillaries

BIO 446L (22 decks)

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