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BIO 446L > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular Matrix components

A

Ground substance and protein fibers (elastic fiber, collagen fiber, and reticular fiber)

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2
Q

Types of Connective tissue proper

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue

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3
Q

Types of Embryonic connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme and Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue

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4
Q

Types of specialized connective tissues

A

Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

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5
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissue organization

A

A type of connective tissue proper with more ground substance than collagen; randomly distributed

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6
Q

Loose (areolar) connective tissue function

A

Function: Supports microvasculature, nerves, and immune defense

Example: Lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract

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7
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue organization

A

A type of connective tissue proper with little ground substance; few cells (mostly fibroblasts); much collagen in randomly arranged fibers, some elastic fibers

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8
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue function

A

Function: Protects and supports organs; resists tearing

Example: Dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa layer of digestive tract

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9
Q

Dense regular connective tissue organization

A

A type of connective tissue proper that is almost completely filled with parallel bundles of collagen; few fibroblasts, aligned with collagen

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10
Q

Dense regular connective tissue function

A

Function: Provide strong connections within musculoskeletal system, strong resistance to force

Example: Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, corneal stroma

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11
Q

Mesenchyme organization

A

A type of embryonic connective tissue that has sparse, undifferentiated cells, uniformly distributed in matrix with sparse collagen fibers

Consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers

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12
Q

Mesenchyme function

A

Function: Contains stem/progenitor cells for all adult connective tissue cells

Example: Mesodermal layer of early embryo

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13
Q

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue organization

A

A type of embryonic connective tissue with random fibroblasts and collagen fibers in viscous matrix

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14
Q

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue function

A

Function: Supports and cushions large blood vessels

Example: Matrix of the fetal umbilical cord

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15
Q

Reticular connective tissue organization

A

A type of specialized connective tissue that has a delicate network of reticulin/collagen III with attached fibroblasts (reticular cells)

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16
Q

Reticular connective tissue function

A

Function: Supports blood-forming cells, many secretory cells, and lymphocytes in most lymphoid organs

Example: Bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, all lymphoid organs except the thymus

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17
Q

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG, also called mucopolysaccharide)

A

A complex polysaccharide composed of disaccharide groups (a “double-sugar”). GAG’s are highly polar and attract water

Two common examples of glycosaminoglycans are
chondroitin sulfate and
heparin.

The largest most ubiquitous GAG is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) which is important in diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.

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18
Q

Chondroitin Sulfate

A

A common GAG used as a supplement for joint health.

Functions in space filling, cushioning, and lubrication. Found in cartilage

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19
Q

Collagen fibers

A

The most important and abundant connective tissue fibers; a protein, with some 20 related types. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

Collagen is produced by fibroblasts

Collagen forms about 30% of body weight

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20
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Delicate network of Type III collagen, found in reticular tissue, stain very dark with silver stains and are abundant in immune and lymphoid tissues. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

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21
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Sheets called elastic lamellae, are composed of elastin and fibrillin in a stretchable conformation. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

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22
Q

Type I Collagen

A

Location: Skin, tendon, bone, dentin

Function: Resistance to tension

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23
Q

Type II Collagen

A

Location: Cartilage, vitreous body

Function: Resistance to pressure

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24
Q

Cells of Connective Tissues

A

Fibroblasts, Adipocytes

Originate form hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow: Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells, other leukocytes (WBCs)

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25
Q

Fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

A

Major Product or Activity: Extracellular fibers and ground substance

Synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM, including fibers (collagen and elastin)

Key cells in connective tissue proper

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26
Q

Plasma cells

A

Major Product: Antibodies

Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

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27
Q

Macrophages

A

Major Product or Activity: Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents

Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

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28
Q

Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

A

Major Products or Activity: A type of white blood cell (leucocyte) and are part of the immune system. Mast cells release vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions, and tissue repair.
Pharmacologically active molecules (eg. histamine).

They originate
from blood cell precursors in bone marrow.

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29
Q

Adipocytes

A

Major Activity: Storage of neutral fats

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30
Q

Ground substance

A

Comprised of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides, Proteoglycans, and other multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Importance in water balance, especially in capillaries and surrounding tissues

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31
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Water in the ground substance of connective tissue

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32
Q

Keloid

A

a local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin

Primarily form in people of African descent

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33
Q

Skin repair process

A

Repair occurs in overlapping stages

  1. Blood clots at wound site, releasing growth factors and other substances.
  2. Macrophages and neutrophils enter the wound as inflammation begins, and epithelial cells from the cut edges of the epidermis begin to migrate beneath and through the blood clot.
  3. Under the influence of growth factors and hydrolytic enzymes released in part from macrophages, fibroblasts proliferate and produce new collagen to form “granulation tissue” containing new, growing capillaries.
  4. The epidermis gradually re-establishes continuity over the wound, but excessive collagen usually remains in the dermis as scar tissue.
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34
Q

Aponeuroses are composed of which type of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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35
Q

One type of GAG is chondroitin sulfate, which functions in space-filling, cushioning, and lubrication. One tissue where this molecule is found is

A

Cartilage

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36
Q

What do these cell types have in common: Microglia, osteoclasts, and Kupffer cells?

A

They are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

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37
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

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38
Q

The formation of scar tissue following surgery or wounding is largely due to

A

Fibroblasts

39
Q

One major function of connective tissue proper is to physically support and connect other tissues. A second major function is to

A

Maintain water as interstitial fluid for nutrient and metabolite diffusion, using hydrostatic and osmotic pressure.

40
Q

The dermis of the skin contains which type of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

41
Q

What is the function of mucoid connective tissue?

A

Protection of blood vessels in the umbilical cord.

42
Q

The major component, in terms of volume, of connective tissue is

A

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

43
Q

What are the two main components of extracellular matrix?

A

Ground Substance and Protein Fibers

44
Q

Antibodies are glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin family that interact with specific antigens. Which type of cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

45
Q

Edema

A

The excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissues

46
Q

What cell type triggers allergic reactions by secretion of several types of substances?

A

Mast Cells

47
Q

Edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissue. Where does this fluid come from before it accumulates in the connective tissue?

A

Blood passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation

48
Q

Connective tissue forms the ________________of many organs.

49
Q

Elastic fibers are formed from two proteins:

A

Fibrillin and elastin

50
Q

Which type of fibers are tendons composed of?

51
Q

Scar tissue is composed of what type of fibers?

52
Q

Fibroblasts are an important cell type in connective tissue. They synthesize collagen and elastin, as well as the three major macromolecules in ground substance. How do fibroblasts differ from macrophages and mast cells?

A

Fibroblasts originate from mesenchymal cells, whereas the others originate from stem cells in bone marrow.

53
Q

Proteoglycans

A

A core protein with a variety of sulfated GAGs attached to it. A type of macromolecule in ground substance

54
Q

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

A

Small glycosylated proteins with many binding sites for other molecules. A type of macromolecule in ground substance.

55
Q

How is immediate hypersensitivity (Type I hypersensitivity) reaction different from the normal infectious immune response of mast cells?

A

The immediate hypersensitivity reaction typically requires a previous sensitization to the allergen.

56
Q

Reticular fibers are made of type III collagen. They function as a supportive stroma in which organs/glands?

A

Lymphoid organs, Endocrine glands, Hematopoietic organs

57
Q

From which major embryonic tissue is mesenchyme derived?

58
Q

The two major types of protein fibers in the ECM are

A

Collagen and elastic

59
Q

Reversed prompt

Ground substance and protein fibers (elastic fiber, collagen fiber, and reticular fiber)

A

Extracellular Matrix components

60
Q

Reversed prompt

Loose (areolar) connective tissue, Dense irregular connective tissue, Dense regular connective tissue

A

Types of Connective tissue proper

61
Q

Reversed prompt

Mesenchyme and Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue

A

Types of Embryonic connective tissues

62
Q

Reversed prompt

Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Cartilage, Bone, Blood

A

Types of specialized connective tissues

63
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of connective tissue proper with more ground substance than collagen; randomly distributed

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue organization

64
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Supports microvasculature, nerves, and immune defense

Example: Lamina propria beneath epithelial lining of digestive tract

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue function

65
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of connective tissue proper with little ground substance; few cells (mostly fibroblasts); much collagen in randomly arranged fibers, some elastic fibers

A

Dense irregular connective tissue organization

66
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Protects and supports organs; resists tearing

Example: Dermis of skin, organ capsules, submucosa layer of digestive tract

A

Dense irregular connective tissue function

67
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of connective tissue proper that is almost completely filled with parallel bundles of collagen; few fibroblasts, aligned with collagen

A

Dense regular connective tissue organization

68
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Provide strong connections within musculoskeletal system, strong resistance to force

Example: Ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, corneal stroma

A

Dense regular connective tissue function

69
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of embryonic connective tissue that has sparse, undifferentiated cells, uniformly distributed in matrix with sparse collagen fibers

Consists largely of viscous ground substance with few collagen fibers

A

Mesenchyme organization

70
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Contains stem/progenitor cells for all adult connective tissue cells

Example: Mesodermal layer of early embryo

A

Mesenchyme function

71
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of embryonic connective tissue with random fibroblasts and collagen fibers in viscous matrix

A

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue organization

72
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Supports and cushions large blood vessels

Example: Matrix of the fetal umbilical cord

A

Mucoid (mucous) connective tissue function

73
Q

Reversed prompt

A type of specialized connective tissue that has a delicate network of reticulin/collagen III with attached fibroblasts (reticular cells)

A

Reticular connective tissue organization

74
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Supports blood-forming cells, many secretory cells, and lymphocytes in most lymphoid organs

Example: Bone marrow, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, all lymphoid organs except the thymus

A

Reticular connective tissue function

75
Q

Reversed prompt

A complex polysaccharide composed of disaccharide groups (a “double-sugar”). GAG’s are highly polar and attract water

Two common examples of glycosaminoglycans are
chondroitin sulfate and
heparin.

The largest most ubiquitous GAG is hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) which is important in diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG, also called mucopolysaccharide)

76
Q

Reversed prompt

A common GAG used as a supplement for joint health.

Functions in space filling, cushioning, and lubrication. Found in cartilage

A

Chondroitin Sulfate

77
Q

Reversed prompt

The most important and abundant connective tissue fibers; a protein, with some 20 related types. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

Collagen is produced by fibroblasts

Collagen forms about 30% of body weight

A

Collagen fibers

78
Q

Reversed prompt

Delicate network of Type III collagen, found in reticular tissue, stain very dark with silver stains and are abundant in immune and lymphoid tissues. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

A

Reticular fibers

79
Q

Reversed prompt

Sheets called elastic lamellae, are composed of elastin and fibrillin in a stretchable conformation. One of the protein fibers associated with ECM

A

Elastic fibers

80
Q

Reversed prompt

Location: Skin, tendon, bone, dentin

Function: Resistance to tension

A

Type I Collagen

81
Q

Reversed prompt

Location: Cartilage, vitreous body

Function: Resistance to pressure

A

Type II Collagen

82
Q

Reversed prompt

Fibroblasts, Adipocytes

Originate form hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow: Macrophages, Mast cells, Plasma cells, other leukocytes (WBCs)

A

Cells of Connective Tissues

83
Q

Reversed prompt

Major Product or Activity: Extracellular fibers and ground substance

Synthesize and secrete most components of the ECM, including fibers (collagen and elastin)

Key cells in connective tissue proper

A

Fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

84
Q

Reversed prompt

Major Product: Antibodies

Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

A

Plasma cells

85
Q

Reversed prompt

Major Product or Activity: Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris; antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines, and other agents

Originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue where they function.

A

Macrophages

86
Q

Reversed prompt

Major Products or Activity: A type of white blood cell (leucocyte) and are part of the immune system. Mast cells release vasoactive agents and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions, and tissue repair.
Pharmacologically active molecules (eg. histamine).

They originate
from blood cell precursors in bone marrow.

A

Mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

87
Q

Reversed prompt

Major Activity: Storage of neutral fats

A

Adipocytes

88
Q

Reversed prompt

Comprised of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides, Proteoglycans, and other multi-adhesive glycoproteins

Importance in water balance, especially in capillaries and surrounding tissues

A

Ground substance

89
Q

Reversed prompt

Water in the ground substance of connective tissue

A

Interstitial fluid

90
Q

Reversed prompt

a local swelling caused by abnormally large amounts of collagen that form in scars of the skin

Primarily form in people of African descent

91
Q

Reversed prompt

The excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissues

92
Q

Reversed prompt

A core protein with a variety of sulfated GAGs attached to it. A type of macromolecule in ground substance

A

Proteoglycans

93
Q

Reversed prompt

Small glycosylated proteins with many binding sites for other molecules. A type of macromolecule in ground substance.

A

Multi-adhesive glycoproteins

BIO 446L (22 decks)

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