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BIO 446L > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Wollfian duct

A

Will form the vas deferens in males

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2
Q

Mullerian duct

A

Will form the oviduct/uterus in females

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3
Q

Male reproductive system consists of ______

A

testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, and penis

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4
Q

Testes

A

Have different cell types that (1) produce sperm and (2) secrete hormones
such as testosterone, which drives male reproductive physiology.

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5
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

The failure of one or both
testes to descend from the abdomen

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6
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

A dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis

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7
Q

Testicular lobules

A

The testis is subdivided into about 250 compartments or testicular lobules. Each contains:

1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules in which sperm production occurs.

Connective tissue, in the space between the tubules, with endocrine interstitial
cells (Leydig cells) secreting testosterone.

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8
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Produce sperm by spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Each tubule is a loop linked by a short segment, the straight tubule, to the
rete testis, a maze of epithelium-lined channels.

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with a stratified epithelium called germinal or spermatogenic epithelium

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9
Q

“Germ cells” or spermatogenic cells

A

Develop into spermatozoa.

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10
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Form the epithelial walls; these nourish developing sperm cells.

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11
Q

Myoid cells

A

Contract the seminiferous tubules.

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Germ cells undergo a series of changes,
including reduction of chromosomes from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid), up to the spermatid stage.

Involves mitosis and meiosis.

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13
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids transform to spermatozoa.

Follows spermatogenesis; it is the final differentiation
process.

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14
Q

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

A

Interstitial tissue between the tubules is sparse connective tissue containing interstitial cells (Leydig cells), which
produce testosterone.

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15
Q

Sertoli cells functions

A

Support, protection, and nutrition of the developing spermatogenic cells

Exocrine and endocrine secretion

Phagocytosis

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16
Q

Blood-testis barrier

A

Tight occluding junctions between the basolateral membranes of Sertoli cells form a blood-testis barrier. This prevents autoimmune
attacks against the unique spermatogenic cells, which appear after the immune system is mature and central self-tolerance is established.

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17
Q

Spermatogenesis &
Spermiogenesis Process

A

Type A spermatogonia

Type B spermatogonia

1° spermatocytes

2° spermatocytes

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

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18
Q

Testicular cancer

A

Most (95%) testicular cancer involves germ cell tumors, which only appear after puberty and are much more likely to develop in men
with untreated cryptorchidism.

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19
Q

Straight tubules

A

Function: Convey sperm into the rete testis

The seminiferous tubules drain into short, much narrower straight tubules, which connect to the rete testis

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20
Q

Rete testis

A

Function: Channels with sperm from all seminiferous tubules

A network of channels embedded along with blood vessels in the connective tissue of the mediastinum testis.

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21
Q

Efferent ductule

A

Function: Absorb most fluid form seminiferous tubules; convey sperm into the epididymis

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22
Q

Epididymal duct (Epididymis)

A

Function: Site for sperm maturation and short-term storage; expels sperm at ejaculation

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23
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

Function: Carries sperm by rapid peristalsis from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

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24
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Function: Mix sperm and seminal fluid; deliver semen to urethra, where prostatic secretion is added

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25
Q

Vasectomy

A

A very small incision is made through the scrotal skin near the two ducts and each vas deferens is exposed, cut, and the ends are cauterized and tied.

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26
Q

Semen

A

The mixture of spermatozoa and the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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27
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Exocrine glands in which
production of their yellowish secretion depends on
testosterone. Seminal vesicle fluid typically makes up about 70% of the ejaculate. Its components include:

Fructose, a major energy source for sperm

Prostaglandins, which stimulate activity in the female reproductive tract

Fibrinogen, which allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation.

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28
Q

Prostate Gland

A

A collection of 30-50 tubuloacinar glands
embedded smooth muscle which contracts at ejaculation.

A contributor to the volume of seme

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29
Q

Common prostate gland problems

A

Chronic prostatitis, usually involving bacteria.

Nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy,
occurring mainly in the mucosal glands where it often leads to compression of the urethra and problems with urination.

Prostate cancer (an adenocarcinoma), the most common cancer in nonsmoking men, occurring mainly in glands.

30
Q

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper glands)

A

Each gland has tubuloacinar secretory units surrounded by smooth muscle cells and lined by a mucus-secreting epithelium.

During erection, release a clear mucus-like secretion
that coats and lubricates the urethra for the imminent passage of semen.

31
Q

Three erectile bodies

A

corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa

32
Q

Penile erection

A

Parasympathetic stimulation:

relaxes the smooth muscle and dilates the tiny arteries, this enlarges the corpora cavernosa and causes them to compress the dorsal veins against the tunica albuginea, which blocks the venous outflow and produces tumescence (swelling) and rigidity in the erectile tissue.

Sympathetic stimulation:

Beginning at ejaculation, constricts the tiny arteries and trabecular muscle, decreasing blood flow into the spaces, lowering the pressure there, and allowing the veins to drain most blood from the erectile tissue.

33
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

At the beginning of an erection, acetylcholine from
parasympathetic nerves causes the helicine
arteries (tiny arteries) and erectile tissue to release
a signaling molecule (cyclic GMP) that causes vasodilation. This molecule is degraded eventually
by enzyme, relaxing the vasodilation.

The drug sildenafil (Viagra) may alleviate the
problem by inhibiting the enzyme that degrades
cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells of the
erectile tissue. This promotes relaxation of these cells to maintain an erection.

34
Q

What is the main effect of benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

Difficulty with urination.

35
Q

What is the important function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

It prevents autoimmune attacks against the spermatogenic cells. These attacks occur because the innate immune system is established before spermatozoa begin to develop.

36
Q

Which mass of erectile tissue surrounds the penile urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

37
Q

The pathway of a spermatozoon from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra is:

A

Straight tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens

38
Q

The dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis is called the

A

Tunica albuginea

39
Q

Why is a male child with undescended testes likely to be come infertile?

A

The temperature within the body is too warm for sperm to develop properly.

40
Q

Reversed prompt

Will form the vas deferens in males

A

Wollfian duct

41
Q

Reversed prompt

Will form the oviduct/uterus in females

A

Mullerian duct

42
Q

Reversed prompt

testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, and penis

A

Male reproductive system consists of ______

43
Q

Reversed prompt

Have different cell types that (1) produce sperm and (2) secrete hormones
such as testosterone, which drives male reproductive physiology.

A

Testes

44
Q

Reversed prompt

The failure of one or both
testes to descend from the abdomen

A

Cryptorchidism

45
Q

Reversed prompt

A dense connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis

A

Tunica albuginea

46
Q

Reversed prompt

The testis is subdivided into about 250 compartments or testicular lobules. Each contains:

1-4 highly convoluted seminiferous tubules in which sperm production occurs.

Connective tissue, in the space between the tubules, with endocrine interstitial
cells (Leydig cells) secreting testosterone.

A

Testicular lobules

47
Q

Reversed prompt

Produce sperm by spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Each tubule is a loop linked by a short segment, the straight tubule, to the
rete testis, a maze of epithelium-lined channels.

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with a stratified epithelium called germinal or spermatogenic epithelium

A

Seminiferous tubules

48
Q

Reversed prompt

Develop into spermatozoa.

A

“Germ cells” or spermatogenic cells

49
Q

Reversed prompt

Form the epithelial walls; these nourish developing sperm cells.

A

Sertoli cells

50
Q

Reversed prompt

Contract the seminiferous tubules.

A

Myoid cells

51
Q

Reversed prompt

Germ cells undergo a series of changes,
including reduction of chromosomes from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid), up to the spermatid stage.

Involves mitosis and meiosis.

A

Spermatogenesis

52
Q

Reversed prompt

Spermatids transform to spermatozoa.

Follows spermatogenesis; it is the final differentiation
process.

A

Spermiogenesis

53
Q

Reversed prompt

Interstitial tissue between the tubules is sparse connective tissue containing interstitial cells (Leydig cells), which
produce testosterone.

A

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

54
Q

Reversed prompt

Support, protection, and nutrition of the developing spermatogenic cells

Exocrine and endocrine secretion

Phagocytosis

A

Sertoli cells functions

55
Q

Reversed prompt

Tight occluding junctions between the basolateral membranes of Sertoli cells form a blood-testis barrier. This prevents autoimmune
attacks against the unique spermatogenic cells, which appear after the immune system is mature and central self-tolerance is established.

A

Blood-testis barrier

56
Q

Reversed prompt

Type A spermatogonia

Type B spermatogonia

1° spermatocytes

2° spermatocytes

Spermatids

Spermatozoa

A

Spermatogenesis &
Spermiogenesis Process

57
Q

Reversed prompt

Most (95%) testicular cancer involves germ cell tumors, which only appear after puberty and are much more likely to develop in men
with untreated cryptorchidism.

A

Testicular cancer

58
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Convey sperm into the rete testis

The seminiferous tubules drain into short, much narrower straight tubules, which connect to the rete testis

A

Straight tubules

59
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Channels with sperm from all seminiferous tubules

A network of channels embedded along with blood vessels in the connective tissue of the mediastinum testis.

A

Rete testis

60
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Absorb most fluid form seminiferous tubules; convey sperm into the epididymis

A

Efferent ductule

61
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Site for sperm maturation and short-term storage; expels sperm at ejaculation

A

Epididymal duct (Epididymis)

62
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Carries sperm by rapid peristalsis from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

63
Q

Reversed prompt

Function: Mix sperm and seminal fluid; deliver semen to urethra, where prostatic secretion is added

A

Ejaculatory ducts

64
Q

Reversed prompt

A very small incision is made through the scrotal skin near the two ducts and each vas deferens is exposed, cut, and the ends are cauterized and tied.

A

Vasectomy

65
Q

Reversed prompt

The mixture of spermatozoa and the secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

A

Semen

66
Q

Reversed prompt

Exocrine glands in which
production of their yellowish secretion depends on
testosterone. Seminal vesicle fluid typically makes up about 70% of the ejaculate. Its components include:

Fructose, a major energy source for sperm

Prostaglandins, which stimulate activity in the female reproductive tract

Fibrinogen, which allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation.

A

Seminal Vesicles

67
Q

Reversed prompt

A collection of 30-50 tubuloacinar glands
embedded smooth muscle which contracts at ejaculation.

A contributor to the volume of seme

A

Prostate Gland

68
Q

Reversed prompt

Chronic prostatitis, usually involving bacteria.

Nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy,
occurring mainly in the mucosal glands where it often leads to compression of the urethra and problems with urination.

Prostate cancer (an adenocarcinoma), the most common cancer in nonsmoking men, occurring mainly in glands.

A

Common prostate gland problems

69
Q

Reversed prompt

Each gland has tubuloacinar secretory units surrounded by smooth muscle cells and lined by a mucus-secreting epithelium.

During erection, release a clear mucus-like secretion
that coats and lubricates the urethra for the imminent passage of semen.

A

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper glands)

70
Q

Reversed prompt

corpus spongiosum and two corpora cavernosa

A

Three erectile bodies

71
Q

Reversed prompt

Parasympathetic stimulation:

relaxes the smooth muscle and dilates the tiny arteries, this enlarges the corpora cavernosa and causes them to compress the dorsal veins against the tunica albuginea, which blocks the venous outflow and produces tumescence (swelling) and rigidity in the erectile tissue.

Sympathetic stimulation:

Beginning at ejaculation, constricts the tiny arteries and trabecular muscle, decreasing blood flow into the spaces, lowering the pressure there, and allowing the veins to drain most blood from the erectile tissue.

A

Penile erection

72
Q

Reversed prompt

At the beginning of an erection, acetylcholine from
parasympathetic nerves causes the helicine
arteries (tiny arteries) and erectile tissue to release
a signaling molecule (cyclic GMP) that causes vasodilation. This molecule is degraded eventually
by enzyme, relaxing the vasodilation.

The drug sildenafil (Viagra) may alleviate the
problem by inhibiting the enzyme that degrades
cyclic GMP in the smooth muscle cells of the
erectile tissue. This promotes relaxation of these cells to maintain an erection.

A

Erectile dysfunction

BIO 446L (22 decks)

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