The brain Flashcards
functional anatomy of brain
cerebrum, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), brain stem (medulla, pons, midbrain), cerebellum, the right side of the brain affects the left side of the body
association fibres, commissural fibres, corpus callosum
association fibres- connect things in same hemisphere, commissural fibres- connect left and right hemisphere
corpus callosum- connects right and left brain
what is the cerebrum
divided into 2 hemispheres by longitudinal fissure, outer layer made up of grey matter- cerebral cortex
Cerebrum- cerebral white matter
association fibres, commissural fibres- corpus, internal capsule
Cerebrum- central grey matter
basal ganglia- caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substania nigra, putamen, globus pallidus
cerebrum- cell bodies
cell bodies lie superficial, the axons that come up the cell body is internal to cell bodies
what is the frontal lobe
involved with control of behaviour (movement- planning executing), personality/ emotion, memory, gives us ability to remember things, and thinking ahead
frontal lobe- speech- Broca’s area
located in left hemisphere, translation of speech, sends impulses to motor cortex
what will damage to frontal lobe cause
frontal lobe could result in: expressive dysphasia, movement difficulties and personality problems
frontal lobe motor areas- premotor area
initiation and planning of MVT, damage= apraxia- lack of ability to think and plan used
frontal lobe motor areas- primary motor area or cortex
initiates and controls voluntary movement, motor homunculus- cortical map
parietal lobe
involved with interpretation of somatic sensation, sensory cortex
origin, shape pressure, texture, body awareness, spatial awareness
parietal lobe- somatosensory cortex
in front of lobe, responsible for making sense of sensory information from receptors- damage to this leads to problems with sensory information- gives spatial awareness
position of different lobes in brain
frontal lobe- anterior aspect, parietal lobe- posterior aspect, temporal lobe- inferior aspect, occipital lobe- posterior aspect
temporal lobe- behind ear
interpretation of speech- memory, receptive diaphasia- damage to this area, problem understanding what people have said
2 areas of temporal lobe
primary auditory area- interpret basic characteristics of sound, e.g. pitch, rhythm,
Wernicke’s area- determines if a sound, music, or noise, interprets meaning of speech by translating words into though
occipital lobe
involved with interpretation of visual input, it interprets intensity of light and dark, shape and movement of objects, colour, relates past visual experience with recognition and evaluation
how does information get into the occipital lobe
information goes through retina, through optic nerve, goes to thalamus and goes to the occipital lobe, use info to link with memory to work out what is happening
what makes up the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla- decussation of pyramids- pathways cross herre
brainstem pathways crossing
sensory pathways cross on the way up, motor pathways cross as they go down
brainstem role
important control centres- respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor, swallowing, gastric secretion, sweating
nuclei of cranial nerve, damage can be life threatening, vestibular nuclei- responsible for understanding where head are in space
what are the 2 components of diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
principle relay station for sensory input- sensory relay station, executive assistant for sensory cortex, interprets some crude sensation
Hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis through influence on autonomic system and pituitary gland, e.g. temp control
group of structures in the limbic system
circulate gyrus, hippocampus- responsible memory of events, amygdala- responsible for anger, mammillary bodies
importance of limbic system
important for controlling emotional responses to a given situation and memory- stimulates memory, linked to sense of smell- links with memory of people/ places
stroke can lead too damage off
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, brainstem, thalamus, hypothallus, limbic system, cerebellum
symptoms of stroke
behaviour, motor speech, sensory deficit, speech hearing, sight, sensation (motor, respiratory and cardiac), autonomic NS, emotions/ memories, coordination and balance
