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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Life development 2- aging > Flashcards

Life development 2- aging Flashcards

1
Q

Early adult hood- stage of life

A

20-40 yers, often intellectual, emotional and social development, most physically capable, no regeneration, but equally little degeneration of body systems,

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2
Q

what is the early adulthood stage also called

A

the prime of your life- excluding injury and illness

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3
Q

Middle age stage of life

A

the young old from 40-65 year, generally good health and physical function- in the absence of illness and disease, organs become less efficient, gradual signs of degeneration appear, menopause happens

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4
Q

Old age

A

age 65+, retirement age

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5
Q

what is primary ageing

A

the inventible process of the body’s natural deterioration that takes place during life

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6
Q

what is secondary ageing

A

results from disease and poor health practices and are often preventable to some degree

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7
Q

effect of ageing on tissue

A

maintenance process slows down-decrease healing time, tissue repair speed and effectiveness decrease, structure and chemical composition

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8
Q

effect of ageing appearance- alterations to skin-

A

thinning of epidermis, reduction in vitamin D and glandular activity (less hormones), thinning of dermis (skin becomes less elastic and saggy), decreased blood supply and hair production

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9
Q

effect of ageing- hair

A

hair loss, redistribution of growth and greying (reduction of menalyne being produced)

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10
Q

Practical precautions- due to ageing

A

no jewellery, no long nails or artificial nails, hand washing to prevent infection, beware friction s manual handling activities, regular changes in posture/ position, help preserve skin

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11
Q

effect of ageing- skin

A

decrease in strength and thickness, decreased skin lipids

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12
Q

associated problems with ageing- skin

A

possibility of skin damage, skin dryness

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13
Q

effect of ageing- bone

A

progressive bone loss: loss of mass due to demineralisation, loss of bone brittleness due to decreased rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

associated problems with age- bone

A

increase potential for fractures, deformity, pain, stiffness, loss of height

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15
Q

effect of ageing joints

A

intervertebral discs become more fragile, loss of glycoproteins, loss of hyaluronic acid

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16
Q

associated problems with ageing- joints

A

tendency to collapse, dehydration of tissues, friction between tissue and damage to hyaline cartilage= mechanical impairments and degeneration

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17
Q

effect of ageing- ligaments and tendons

A

increased calcium and decreased elasticity

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18
Q

associated problems with ageing- ligaments and tendons

A

higher risk of injury

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19
Q

effect of ageing on muscles- tissue/ fibres

A

the number of muscle tissue and number/ size of muscle fibres decrease
the number of fast contracting muscle fibres decreases more than the number of fibres that contract slower

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20
Q

effect of ageing on muscles- skeletal muscle

A

skeletal muscle becomes less elastic, skeletal muscle replaced by fibrous connective tissue

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21
Q

associated problems with ageing muscle

A

loss of muscle mass and strength, placing extra stress on joints. This can lead to arthritis. muscle contracting speed decreases, muscles fatigue earlier, tendency to immobilisation

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22
Q

effect of ageing- immune system

A

T cells and B cells less responsive, immune surveillance reduces

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23
Q

associated problems with ageing- immune system

A

reduced immunity, increase incidences of cancer- cell become unnoticed, increased susceptibility to infection

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24
Q

effect of ageing on the endocrine system- blood parathyroid

A

increase in blood parathyroid hormone+ lower levels of calcium and calcitonin

25
Q

effect of ageing on the endocrine system- insulin

A

pancreas releases insulin more slowly and receptor sensitivity to glucose declines

26
Q

effect of ageing on the endocrine system- hormone production

A

decrease in production of human growth hormone by anterior pituitary decreases, decreased production of oestrogen

27
Q

associated problems with ageing endocrine system- glucose

A

blood glucose levels less controlled

28
Q

associated problems with ageing endocrine system- fat and muscle

A

muscle atrophy. increase in body fat hypothyroidism, increased cholesterol

29
Q

associated problems with ageing endocrine system- metabolic rate

A

decrease in metabolic rate, and osteoporosis

30
Q

Effect of ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory

A

loss of elastic recoil, loss of respiratory muscle strength, loss of chest wall compliance, Pa02 falls, decreased alveolar macrophage activity, diminished ciliary action

31
Q

Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- residual volume/ capacity

A

increased residual volume and decreased functional residual capacity

32
Q

Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- exercise tolerance

A

decrease exercise tolerance and respiratory muscles fatigue more easily

33
Q

Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- thorax

A

due to joint stiffness- thorax may not increase in size on inspiration

34
Q

Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- gaseous diffusion

A

less reserve for exercise and in disease

35
Q

Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- phagocytose

A

less ability to phagocytose- more prone to infection

36
Q

effect of ageing- teeth

A

atrophy of bone and gum tissue, reduction in saliva

37
Q

associated problems- teeth

A

the loss of teeth means people cannot chew as well and could lead to malnourishment

38
Q

effect of ageing- liver

A

size and blood flow decreases, the ability of the liver to metabolise many substances decreases, the livers ability to withstand stress decreases

39
Q

associated problems with ageing- liver

A

some drugs are not activated as quickly in older people, substances that are toxic in the liver can have a greater effect, repair of damaged liver cells is slower

40
Q

effect of ageing on kidney- nephrons

A

number of nephrons decreases (these filter waste materials from the blood)

41
Q

effect of ageing on kidney- filtering systems

A

the blood vessels that supply the kidney harden, this leads to the kidneys filtering blood slower, filtering systems is diminished due to lack of response from hormones, and lack of hormone circulation

42
Q

associated problem with ageing in the kidneys

A

more at risk of kidney infections (called pyelonephritis), ageing can lead to chronic kidney disease, this is were the body cannot remove sufficient waste products and excess fluid, reduction excretion of drugs and metabolites

43
Q

effect of ageing on the bladder

A

the elastic tissue in the walls of the bladder become less elastic and tougher, bladder muscles weaken- due to enlarged prostate

44
Q

associated problems with ageing in the bladder

A

the bladder can not hold as much urine as before, this leads to bladder control issues such as urinary retention, more at risk of bladder infections

45
Q

effect of ageing gastro intestinal

A

reduced colonic motility, decreased secretory mechanisms, loss of muscular strength and tone, diminished response to pain and internal sensation

46
Q

associated problems with ageing- gastro intestinal

A

constipation, malabsorption, maldigestion, ulcers and inflammation

47
Q

Effect of ageing nervous system- motors skill

A

slower motor skills- due to less oxygen and blood, this leads to reaction time

48
Q

Effect of ageing nervous system- threshold

A

temperature recognition threshold increased, pain threshold increased

49
Q

Effect of ageing nervous system- senses

A

kinaesthesia diminished, stereognosis diminished, taste smell decreases, vision disturbances, increased size of lens, increased density of lens, hearing disturbances, cochlear degeneration

50
Q

Effect of ageing nervous system- brain

A

reduced brain weight, altered sleep pattern, reduced REM and phase iv

51
Q

Associated problems nervous system- speed and balance

A

poor performance in functions that require speed, poor balance- potential for injury/ accident

52
Q

Associated problems nervous system- temperature

A

hypothermia' hyperthermia

53
Q

Associated problems nervous system- senses

A

decrease position sense, difficulty in recognising form, diminished interest in food, decreased ability to smell smoke

54
Q

Associated problems nervous system- decreased

A

ability to see objects clearly at a distance, ability to focus on near objects, depth perception, sensitivity glare tolerance, colour discrimination

55
Q

Associated problems nervous system- increased

A

need for light, progressive hearing loss,, impaired sensitivity to high frequency tones, speech discrimination difficulties, decreased speech comprehension

56
Q

Associated problems nervous system- memory

A

impaired memory, dementia

57
Q

things that cause secondary ageing- lifestyle

A

smoking, no exercise, poor diet nutrition, high blood sugar, large alcohol intake, drugs

58
Q

things that cause secondary ageing- other

A

sun damage, exposure to hazardous material ,disease/illness/ injury

59
Q

consequences of secondary ageing

A

lung cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases and stroke, liver disease, copd, atherosclerosis, increased cholesterol, osteoarthritis

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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