Life development 2- aging Flashcards
Early adult hood- stage of life
20-40 yers, often intellectual, emotional and social development, most physically capable, no regeneration, but equally little degeneration of body systems,
what is the early adulthood stage also called
the prime of your life- excluding injury and illness
Middle age stage of life
the young old from 40-65 year, generally good health and physical function- in the absence of illness and disease, organs become less efficient, gradual signs of degeneration appear, menopause happens
Old age
age 65+, retirement age
what is primary ageing
the inventible process of the body’s natural deterioration that takes place during life
what is secondary ageing
results from disease and poor health practices and are often preventable to some degree
effect of ageing on tissue
maintenance process slows down-decrease healing time, tissue repair speed and effectiveness decrease, structure and chemical composition
effect of ageing appearance- alterations to skin-
thinning of epidermis, reduction in vitamin D and glandular activity (less hormones), thinning of dermis (skin becomes less elastic and saggy), decreased blood supply and hair production
effect of ageing- hair
hair loss, redistribution of growth and greying (reduction of menalyne being produced)
Practical precautions- due to ageing
no jewellery, no long nails or artificial nails, hand washing to prevent infection, beware friction s manual handling activities, regular changes in posture/ position, help preserve skin
effect of ageing- skin
decrease in strength and thickness, decreased skin lipids
associated problems with ageing- skin
possibility of skin damage, skin dryness
effect of ageing- bone
progressive bone loss: loss of mass due to demineralisation, loss of bone brittleness due to decreased rate of protein synthesis
associated problems with age- bone
increase potential for fractures, deformity, pain, stiffness, loss of height
effect of ageing joints
intervertebral discs become more fragile, loss of glycoproteins, loss of hyaluronic acid
associated problems with ageing- joints
tendency to collapse, dehydration of tissues, friction between tissue and damage to hyaline cartilage= mechanical impairments and degeneration
effect of ageing- ligaments and tendons
increased calcium and decreased elasticity
associated problems with ageing- ligaments and tendons
higher risk of injury
effect of ageing on muscles- tissue/ fibres
the number of muscle tissue and number/ size of muscle fibres decrease
the number of fast contracting muscle fibres decreases more than the number of fibres that contract slower
effect of ageing on muscles- skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle becomes less elastic, skeletal muscle replaced by fibrous connective tissue
associated problems with ageing muscle
loss of muscle mass and strength, placing extra stress on joints. This can lead to arthritis. muscle contracting speed decreases, muscles fatigue earlier, tendency to immobilisation
effect of ageing- immune system
T cells and B cells less responsive, immune surveillance reduces
associated problems with ageing- immune system
reduced immunity, increase incidences of cancer- cell become unnoticed, increased susceptibility to infection
effect of ageing on the endocrine system- blood parathyroid
increase in blood parathyroid hormone+ lower levels of calcium and calcitonin
effect of ageing on the endocrine system- insulin
pancreas releases insulin more slowly and receptor sensitivity to glucose declines
effect of ageing on the endocrine system- hormone production
decrease in production of human growth hormone by anterior pituitary decreases, decreased production of oestrogen
associated problems with ageing endocrine system- glucose
blood glucose levels less controlled
associated problems with ageing endocrine system- fat and muscle
muscle atrophy. increase in body fat hypothyroidism, increased cholesterol
associated problems with ageing endocrine system- metabolic rate
decrease in metabolic rate, and osteoporosis
Effect of ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory
loss of elastic recoil, loss of respiratory muscle strength, loss of chest wall compliance, Pa02 falls, decreased alveolar macrophage activity, diminished ciliary action
Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- residual volume/ capacity
increased residual volume and decreased functional residual capacity
Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- exercise tolerance
decrease exercise tolerance and respiratory muscles fatigue more easily
Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- thorax
due to joint stiffness- thorax may not increase in size on inspiration
Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- gaseous diffusion
less reserve for exercise and in disease
Associated problem with ageing on cardio vascular/ respiratory- phagocytose
less ability to phagocytose- more prone to infection
effect of ageing- teeth
atrophy of bone and gum tissue, reduction in saliva
associated problems- teeth
the loss of teeth means people cannot chew as well and could lead to malnourishment
effect of ageing- liver
size and blood flow decreases, the ability of the liver to metabolise many substances decreases, the livers ability to withstand stress decreases
associated problems with ageing- liver
some drugs are not activated as quickly in older people, substances that are toxic in the liver can have a greater effect, repair of damaged liver cells is slower
effect of ageing on kidney- nephrons
number of nephrons decreases (these filter waste materials from the blood)
effect of ageing on kidney- filtering systems
the blood vessels that supply the kidney harden, this leads to the kidneys filtering blood slower, filtering systems is diminished due to lack of response from hormones, and lack of hormone circulation
associated problem with ageing in the kidneys
more at risk of kidney infections (called pyelonephritis), ageing can lead to chronic kidney disease, this is were the body cannot remove sufficient waste products and excess fluid, reduction excretion of drugs and metabolites
effect of ageing on the bladder
the elastic tissue in the walls of the bladder become less elastic and tougher, bladder muscles weaken- due to enlarged prostate
associated problems with ageing in the bladder
the bladder can not hold as much urine as before, this leads to bladder control issues such as urinary retention, more at risk of bladder infections
effect of ageing gastro intestinal
reduced colonic motility, decreased secretory mechanisms, loss of muscular strength and tone, diminished response to pain and internal sensation
associated problems with ageing- gastro intestinal
constipation, malabsorption, maldigestion, ulcers and inflammation
Effect of ageing nervous system- motors skill
slower motor skills- due to less oxygen and blood, this leads to reaction time
Effect of ageing nervous system- threshold
temperature recognition threshold increased, pain threshold increased
Effect of ageing nervous system- senses
kinaesthesia diminished, stereognosis diminished, taste smell decreases, vision disturbances, increased size of lens, increased density of lens, hearing disturbances, cochlear degeneration
Effect of ageing nervous system- brain
reduced brain weight, altered sleep pattern, reduced REM and phase iv
Associated problems nervous system- speed and balance
poor performance in functions that require speed, poor balance- potential for injury/ accident
Associated problems nervous system- temperature
hypothermia' hyperthermia
Associated problems nervous system- senses
decrease position sense, difficulty in recognising form, diminished interest in food, decreased ability to smell smoke
Associated problems nervous system- decreased
ability to see objects clearly at a distance, ability to focus on near objects, depth perception, sensitivity glare tolerance, colour discrimination
Associated problems nervous system- increased
need for light, progressive hearing loss,, impaired sensitivity to high frequency tones, speech discrimination difficulties, decreased speech comprehension
Associated problems nervous system- memory
impaired memory, dementia
things that cause secondary ageing- lifestyle
smoking, no exercise, poor diet nutrition, high blood sugar, large alcohol intake, drugs
things that cause secondary ageing- other
sun damage, exposure to hazardous material ,disease/illness/ injury
consequences of secondary ageing
lung cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases and stroke, liver disease, copd, atherosclerosis, increased cholesterol, osteoarthritis
