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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Muscle structure and function > Flashcards

Muscle structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found in heart responsible for circulating blood, small cells, and very limited ability to repair, involuntary contraction,s single nucleus in a cardiac muscle cell

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated, larger muscle, very large muscle cells (up to 30cm), partially repair, under voluntary control

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4
Q

smooth muscle

A

found in walls of organs, single nucleus, can divide and repair itself if damaged, involuntary

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5
Q

3 layers of muscle connective tissue

A

epimysium (round the entire muscle), perimysium (divides the muscle into small bundles- fasciculus), endomysium (around an individual cell)

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6
Q

what is a muscle cell also known as

A

a muscle fiber

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7
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

produce body movement, stabilizes body position, regulates organ volumes, movement of substances in the body, produce hear

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8
Q

how do muscles regulate organ volumes

A

bands of smooth muscles called sphincters control this

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9
Q

how do muscle tissues produce heat

A

involuntary contractions of skeletal muscle (shivering)

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10
Q

productions of muscle tissue

A

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

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11
Q

productions of muscle tissue- excitability

A

response to chemicals released from nerve cells

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12
Q

productions of muscle tissue- conductivity

A

ability to propagate electrical signals over membrane

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13
Q

productions of muscle tissue- contractility

A

ability to shorten and produce force

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14
Q

productions of muscle tissue- elasticity

A

ability to return to original shape after being stretched

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue- attachment

A

attaches to bone, skin or facia (the skeletal system), maybe via tendons/ aponeuroses)

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue- striations

A

striated with light and dark bands visible with scope (due to proteins in muscle cells)

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue- multinucleated

A

due to development muscles are formed by multiple myoblasts that don’t fuse, these then become the satellite cells- stem cells, when damage to muscle they can divide and assist repair

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18
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

produce skeletal movement, maintain body position, support soft/ hard tissue, guard body openings (sphincters), maintain body temp, stores nutrients reserves, role in proprioception

19
Q

skeletal muscle structures

A

connective tissues, nerves, blood vessels, muscle tissue

20
Q

Connective tissue layers- epimysium

A

outer layer- surround the whole muscle, exterior collagen layer, connected deep to fascia, separates muscle from surrounding tissues, fibrous irregular connective tissue

21
Q

Connective tissue layers- perimysium

A

middle layer- surrounds muscle fibre bundles (fascicles), contains blood vessels and nerve supply to fascicles, made of more elastic fibres (half collagen and half elastin)

22
Q

Connective tissue layers- endomysium

A

inner layer- surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibres), contains capillaries and nerve fibres contracting muscle cells, contains satellite cells that repair damage, more elastic fibres

23
Q

when do endomysium, perimysium and epimysium come together

A

at ends of muscles, to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix e.g. tendon

24
Q

Skeletal muscle structures- nerve

A

skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles controlled by nerves of the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, a collection of muscle cells is supplied by a motor neurone (muscle nerve), each muscle cell is supplied by a terminal branch of motor neurone

25
Q

The sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane of a muscle cell, surrounds the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of muscle), sarcoplasm is filled with tiny threads called myofibrils, and myoglobin (oxygen binding protein), a change in transmembrane potential begins contraction

26
Q

transverse T- tubules

A

they are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the centre of the cell, filled with extracellular fluid, carry muscle action potentials down into cell, allow the entire muscle fibre to contract simultaneously

27
Q

transverse T- tubules- mitochondria

A

they lie in rows throughout the cell, near the muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction

28
Q

What is a motor unit

A

one motor nerve and the muscle fibre it supplies

29
Q

skeletal muscle fibres

A

are long and cylindrical, develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblast), become very large, contains hundreds of nuclei, nuclei arranged around periphery of cell, contains many mitochondria- lots of energy

30
Q

Skeletal muscle structures- blood vessels

A

each muscle cell is in contact with 1 or.2 capillaries, nerve fibres and capillaries are found in the endomysium between individual cells, need large blood supply- lots of energy

31
Q

why do muscles have extensive vascular systems

A

supply large amounts of oxygen, supply nutrients, carry away waste products

32
Q

what is a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

a membranous structure surrounding myofibrils, systems of tubular sacs similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum in non- muscle cell, forms chambers at each end (terminal cisternae), attached to T- tubules

33
Q

role of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

helps to transmit action potentials to the myofibril, stores calcium ion

34
Q

when is a triad forms

A

it is formed by 1 T- tubercle and 2 terminal cisternae

35
Q

what do terminal cisternae do

A

concentrate Ca+ (via ion pumps)

release Ca++ into sarcomeres begin muscle contractions

36
Q

myofibrils and myofilaments

A

muscle fibres are filled with threads called myofibrils separated by SR, myofibrils are made up of bundles of protein filaments= myofilaments, myofilaments (thick and thin filaments) are the contractile proteins of muscles

37
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- I band

A

contains only thin filaments (actin), appears light

38
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- A band

A

contains thick (Myosin) and thin filaments

39
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- overlap reigion

A

in the overlap region of the A band, 6 thin filaments surround each thick filament- zone of overlap

40
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- filaments compartment

A

filaments are arranged in compartments= sarcomeres, separated by Z discs

41
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- M lie

A

myosin thick filaments attach to the M line

42
Q

myofilaments and the sarcomere- Z line/ discs

A

shaped like a Z, actin attaches here

43
Q

what is titin

A

titin is a muscle protein that is important in eccentric muscle contraction- attaches myosin filament to M line- helps muscles return to normal size and shape

44
Q

what is sarcomere

A

contractile unit of muscle, structural units of myofibrils, forms visible striated patterns within myofibrils, transverse tubules encircle sarcomeres near zones of overlap, Ca++ released by the SR causes thin and thick filaments to interact

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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