blood components, function, disease Flashcards
components of blood- plasma
plasma proteins- 55%-70% and other solutes 1%
components of blood- formed elements
45%-RBC (95.8%), WBC (0.1%), platlets (4%)
what is plasma
similar to, and exchange fluid with, institutional fluid, 92% water electrolytes, 6-8% plasma proteins, waste products, nutrients, vitamins, hormones
difference between plasma and initial fluid
interstitial fluid does not have plasma proteins- important for maintaining osmotic pressure, involved in hydrostatic pressure as well- plasma and interstitial fluid work together
red blood cells structure
erythrocytes- disc shaped- thin in middle and thicker at edge (biconcave disc), made in red bone marrow, they are made to survive a certain length of time- go through apoptosis after 120 days
what is inside RBC
lack nuclei, mitochondria (rely on energy from different sources such as anaerobic glycolysis) and ribosomes
contains haemoglobin- binds to oxygen- large complex protein molecule (carries 4 oxygen molecules)
white blood cells
leucocytes, role in inflammation and immune response, found in lymphatic system organs and connective tissue proper, have nuclei and other organelles, small number in blood
white blood cells- granulocytes
neutrophils- phagocytosis of bacteria (pus formed), eosinophils- allergic reaction, defence against parasites, control inflammation
basophils- allergic reaction- inflammatory reaction
white blood cells- agranulocytes
lymphocytes- immunity T and B cells
monocytes- phagocytosis of large particle pathogen, attract immune cells
platlets structure
thrombocytes- small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without nucleus, found in large numbers of blood, mad in red bone marrow
platlets function
release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, actively contract tissue after clot formation
function of blood
transportation, regulation, protection, all to keep good balance
function of blood- Transportation (to tissues/cells)
oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones, can transport things to anywhere in the body
function of blood- transportation (from tissue/ cells)
carbon dioxide, H20, electrolytes, urea in urine via kidney
function of blood- regulation
acidity of body fluids with buffers (7.35-7.45), volume of fluid in tissues by means of proteins- osmotic pressure, thermoregulation- removes excess heat from working muscles
function of blood- protection
defence against disease- carries (WBC) and antibodies of immune system and facts needed for inflammation,
haemostasis- factors in blood prevent major blood loss at site of injury
haemostasis
the prevention of blood loss, contains 3 phases: vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase
vascular phase step 1
immediate vasospasm- constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall
vascular phase step 2
endothelial cells release chemical factors; ADP/ tissue factor which leads to further smooth muscle contraction. cell division of endothelial cells, Smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes- repair process
vascular phase step 3
endothelial cell membranes become sticky and may seal off blood flow
platelet phase step 1
platelet adhesion- begins 15 seconds after injury - to sticky endothelial surfaces, to basal laminae, to exposed collagen fibres
platelet phase step 2
platelet aggregation- everything begins to stick
coagulation phase
cascade reaction- blood clotting (coagulation)- involves.a series of steps, converts circulating fibrinogen into insoluble and pro enzymes, form 3 pathways (extrinsic, intrinsic, common)
coagulation phase pathways- extrinsic
begins in the vessel wall, outside the blood stream, external damage
coagulation phase pathways- intrinsic
begins with circulating proenzymes, within bloodstream, internal damage
coagulation phase pathways- common
where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge
common blood disorders
anaemia, polycthaemia, leucocytes and leukopenia, blood clotting disorder
what is anaemia
deficiency in haemoglobin due to either too few RBC’s or too little haemoglobin (men 10-15, women 10-13) in cell, haematocrit ratio of RBC to total blood volume should be 45%
causes of anaemia
blood loss, inadequate RBC production, excessive RBC destruction, made incorrectly- different shape
signs and symptoms of anaemia
tiredness, weakness, pale skin, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, cold hands and feet, headache
what is polycthaemia
abnormally high concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, this makes the blood thicker, it puts strain on patients heart- leads to heart failure, patients look red in face
causes of polycythaemia
COPD- damage to lungs meaning inability to get correct amount of O2 in
what is leukocytosis
it is a high WBC count, parasites, inflammation or inflammatory condition, conditions resulting in tissue death (necrosis), allergic response
causes of leucocytosis
caused by infection from bacteria, sometimes viruses, fungi
what is leukopenia
this is a low WBC count, bone marrow damage or disorder, autoimmune disorder, dietary deficiencies, sepsis, disease of the immune system
blood clotting pathologies
platelet deficiency, defective platelet function, derangement of clotting factors
what is haemophilia
a genetic disease when the clotting factors (depends on which haemophilia you have) if you are missing one of these factors then the cascade effect cannot continue- meaning bleeding doesn’t stop
treatment for haemophilia
treated with genetic engineering clotting factors, can be treated with a pen, daily medication
what medications affect platelet function
aspirin- changes shape of platelet and meaning it is not sticky- affects blood clotting process
Common pathway- 1
prothrombinase in the presence of enzyme clotting 10, causes activation of prothrombin activator (activates prothrombin), clotting factor 10 turns prothrombin into thrombin
common pathway- 2
thrombin acts as an enzyme on fibrinogen- turns it into fibrin, fibrin+ calcium= fibrin threads, fibrin threads+ blood cells and plasma= stable blood clot
fibrin network overs platelet plug and seals area
