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Pathophysiology PH1002 > blood components, function, disease > Flashcards

blood components, function, disease Flashcards

1
Q

components of blood- plasma

A

plasma proteins- 55%-70% and other solutes 1%

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2
Q

components of blood- formed elements

A

45%-RBC (95.8%), WBC (0.1%), platlets (4%)

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3
Q

what is plasma

A

similar to, and exchange fluid with, institutional fluid, 92% water electrolytes, 6-8% plasma proteins, waste products, nutrients, vitamins, hormones

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4
Q

difference between plasma and initial fluid

A

interstitial fluid does not have plasma proteins- important for maintaining osmotic pressure, involved in hydrostatic pressure as well- plasma and interstitial fluid work together

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5
Q

red blood cells structure

A

erythrocytes- disc shaped- thin in middle and thicker at edge (biconcave disc), made in red bone marrow, they are made to survive a certain length of time- go through apoptosis after 120 days

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6
Q

what is inside RBC

A

lack nuclei, mitochondria (rely on energy from different sources such as anaerobic glycolysis) and ribosomes
contains haemoglobin- binds to oxygen- large complex protein molecule (carries 4 oxygen molecules)

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7
Q

white blood cells

A

leucocytes, role in inflammation and immune response, found in lymphatic system organs and connective tissue proper, have nuclei and other organelles, small number in blood

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8
Q

white blood cells- granulocytes

A

neutrophils- phagocytosis of bacteria (pus formed), eosinophils- allergic reaction, defence against parasites, control inflammation
basophils- allergic reaction- inflammatory reaction

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9
Q

white blood cells- agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes- immunity T and B cells

monocytes- phagocytosis of large particle pathogen, attract immune cells

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10
Q

platlets structure

A

thrombocytes- small colourless disc-shaped cell fragment without nucleus, found in large numbers of blood, mad in red bone marrow

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11
Q

platlets function

A

release important clotting chemicals, temporarily patch damaged vessel walls, actively contract tissue after clot formation

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12
Q

function of blood

A

transportation, regulation, protection, all to keep good balance

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13
Q

function of blood- Transportation (to tissues/cells)

A

oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones, can transport things to anywhere in the body

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14
Q

function of blood- transportation (from tissue/ cells)

A

carbon dioxide, H20, electrolytes, urea in urine via kidney

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15
Q

function of blood- regulation

A

acidity of body fluids with buffers (7.35-7.45), volume of fluid in tissues by means of proteins- osmotic pressure, thermoregulation- removes excess heat from working muscles

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16
Q

function of blood- protection

A

defence against disease- carries (WBC) and antibodies of immune system and facts needed for inflammation,
haemostasis- factors in blood prevent major blood loss at site of injury

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17
Q

haemostasis

A

the prevention of blood loss, contains 3 phases: vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase

18
Q

vascular phase step 1

A

immediate vasospasm- constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall

19
Q

vascular phase step 2

A

endothelial cells release chemical factors; ADP/ tissue factor which leads to further smooth muscle contraction. cell division of endothelial cells, Smooth muscle cells and fibrocytes- repair process

20
Q

vascular phase step 3

A

endothelial cell membranes become sticky and may seal off blood flow

21
Q

platelet phase step 1

A

platelet adhesion- begins 15 seconds after injury - to sticky endothelial surfaces, to basal laminae, to exposed collagen fibres

22
Q

platelet phase step 2

A

platelet aggregation- everything begins to stick

23
Q

coagulation phase

A

cascade reaction- blood clotting (coagulation)- involves.a series of steps, converts circulating fibrinogen into insoluble and pro enzymes, form 3 pathways (extrinsic, intrinsic, common)

24
Q

coagulation phase pathways- extrinsic

A

begins in the vessel wall, outside the blood stream, external damage

25
Q

coagulation phase pathways- intrinsic

A

begins with circulating proenzymes, within bloodstream, internal damage

26
Q

coagulation phase pathways- common

A

where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge

27
Q

common blood disorders

A

anaemia, polycthaemia, leucocytes and leukopenia, blood clotting disorder

28
Q

what is anaemia

A

deficiency in haemoglobin due to either too few RBC’s or too little haemoglobin (men 10-15, women 10-13) in cell, haematocrit ratio of RBC to total blood volume should be 45%

29
Q

causes of anaemia

A

blood loss, inadequate RBC production, excessive RBC destruction, made incorrectly- different shape

30
Q

signs and symptoms of anaemia

A

tiredness, weakness, pale skin, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, cold hands and feet, headache

31
Q

what is polycthaemia

A

abnormally high concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, this makes the blood thicker, it puts strain on patients heart- leads to heart failure, patients look red in face

32
Q

causes of polycythaemia

A

COPD- damage to lungs meaning inability to get correct amount of O2 in

33
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

it is a high WBC count, parasites, inflammation or inflammatory condition, conditions resulting in tissue death (necrosis), allergic response

34
Q

causes of leucocytosis

A

caused by infection from bacteria, sometimes viruses, fungi

35
Q

what is leukopenia

A

this is a low WBC count, bone marrow damage or disorder, autoimmune disorder, dietary deficiencies, sepsis, disease of the immune system

36
Q

blood clotting pathologies

A

platelet deficiency, defective platelet function, derangement of clotting factors

37
Q

what is haemophilia

A

a genetic disease when the clotting factors (depends on which haemophilia you have) if you are missing one of these factors then the cascade effect cannot continue- meaning bleeding doesn’t stop

38
Q

treatment for haemophilia

A

treated with genetic engineering clotting factors, can be treated with a pen, daily medication

39
Q

what medications affect platelet function

A

aspirin- changes shape of platelet and meaning it is not sticky- affects blood clotting process

40
Q

Common pathway- 1

A

prothrombinase in the presence of enzyme clotting 10, causes activation of prothrombin activator (activates prothrombin), clotting factor 10 turns prothrombin into thrombin

41
Q

common pathway- 2

A

thrombin acts as an enzyme on fibrinogen- turns it into fibrin, fibrin+ calcium= fibrin threads, fibrin threads+ blood cells and plasma= stable blood clot
fibrin network overs platelet plug and seals area

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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