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Pathophysiology PH1002 > blood vessels structure and function > Flashcards

blood vessels structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

5 main types of blood vessel

A 
arteries (conducting/ distributing vessels)
arterioles (resistance vessels)
capillaries (exchange vessels)
venules (collecting vessels)
veins (capacitance vessels)
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2
Q

walls of blood vessels- tunica interna/intima

A

inner layer- has direct contact with blood, has epithelial lining and supporting connective tissue and sometimes elastic fibres

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3
Q

walls of blood vessels- tunica media

A

middle layer- smooth muscle and different connective tissue, binds inner and outer together most variable layer

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4
Q

walls of blood vessels- tunica externa/adventitia

A

outer layer, has connective tissue sheath for protection has anchoring system so blood vessels are stuck to something and stay in position

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5
Q

different between veins and artery structure

A

veins are larger in diameter (larger lumen)
veins have thinner walls
veins are more collapsed- less uniform
veins have valves
veins have a lower amount of BP and are less resilient
arteries are elsatic and respond to pressure changes (vasoconstrict/contract)

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6
Q

why are arteries important to stop bleeding

A

they can contract to stop bleeding

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7
Q

what do arteries do

A

they carry blood pumped from the heart to the body, they are able to accommodate high pressure, able to propel blood onwards, able to even out pressure changes, able to vasoconstrict/ dilate

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8
Q

different types of artery

A

elastic (larger arteries such as aorta) and muscular (size of medium vein)

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9
Q

walls of arteries

A

tunica media- thick muscular to elastic, more smooth muscle and will be thick
inner layer has a large number of elastic fibres meaning it can change diameter and take pressure
external layer is strong- contains collagen and elastic fibres to withstand alterations to blood flow

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10
Q

arteries- conducting vessesl

A

large radius to offer little resistance to blood flow

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11
Q

arteries- pressure reservoir

A

collagen fibres for tensile strength, elastic fibres to provide elastic recoil

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12
Q

what are arterioles

A

smaller branches of arteries, lead into capillaries, resistance vessels- regulate arterial blood pressure and distribute blood, have sphincters that can constrict or dilate depending on where blood is needed

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13
Q

what are capillaries

A

they are smallest with thin walls, microscopic capillary networks permute all active tissues, exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system, materials diffuse between blood and interstitial fluid, where the arterial and venous system

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14
Q

capillary layers

A

only has 1 layer- tunica interna to allow exchange to occur

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15
Q

how are capillaries arranged

A

found in clumps- capillary networks/beds/plexus, one arteriole gives rise to lots of these clumps, capillary networks help to reduce the pressure, entry to the capillary is guided by precapillary sphincters- meaning blood can be redistributed to where required

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16
Q

what are venules

A

smallest branches of veins, come out of other side of capillary, allows blood to return to the capillary bed to the venous system, have the same function as veins

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17
Q

layers of venules

A

only have 1 layer if close to capillary- further away they have 3 layers

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18
Q

what are veins

A

they regulate and return blood to the heart (venous return), unable to withstand high pressures, requires skeletal muscle pumps to asset venous return, valves prevent backflow and aid venous return

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19
Q

layers of vein

A

same 3 layers- don’t have a lot of smooth muscle so requires muscle pump to keep blood moving, have valves to prevent backflow

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20
Q

veins- capacitance vessels

A

large radius and little musculature and reservoir for blood- due to large diameter

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21
Q

Resistance of veins

A

little resistance, small to large, venous pressure is low

22
Q

venous reurn

A

lower body must overcome gravity-
valves- prevent backflow, muscle pump- helps to push blood upwards, muscle contracts and squeezes veins to push blood upward (blood cannot flow upwards due to veins)
respiratory pump- only takes effect when exercising- when inhaling pressure drops in thorax drawing air in, and drawing blood up

23
Q

what is the equation for blood pressure

A

cardiac output X peripheral resistance= blood pressure

increasing either makes blood pressure go up

24
Q

what are the main factors that influence blood pressure

A

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume

25
Q

blood pressure- barrow receptors

A

barrow receptors within blood vessels detect pressure in them, hormonal responses are to do with adrenal gland that produce hormones that communicate with smooth muscles in blood vessels (constrict/ dilate)

26
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120 (systolic- when hear contracts) / 80 (when heart relaxes- pressure in vessels when heart relaxes)

27
Q

what is hypertension (essential and secondary)

A

BP greater than 140/90mmhg, essential hypertension- no medical cause, no specific reason for it, mainly related to risk factors, secondary hypertension- specific conditions causing it (e.g. COPD)

28
Q

risk factors- hypertension

A

genetic- if it runs in family more likely to have it, environmental- socioeconomic group (availability to poor diet), age, gender, pathology

29
Q

lifestyle factors- hypertension

A

smoking causes change in blood vessel, diet (salts and fats), alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, stress

30
Q

symptoms of hypertension

A

headaches, shortness of breath, chest pain and palpitations, nose bleeds, distributed vision,

31
Q

first line of management for hypertension

A

lifestyle changes

32
Q

medication for hypertension

A

A and E inhibitors (work on adrenal gland decrease blood pressure through hormone regulation), B blockers, calcium channel blocker, diuretics, rest on smooth muscle of blood vessels

33
Q

consequences of long term hypertension

A

blood vessel damage (damage to tunica interna- atherosclerosis), heart attack/ failure, kidney failurem stroke

34
Q

pathology of arterial walls- arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and loss of elasticity of large and medium arteries

35
Q

pathology of arterial walls- arteriolosclerosis

A

hardening and loss of elasticity or arterioles

36
Q

pathology of arterial walls- atherosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery due to depostion of an atheroscleortic plaque

37
Q

risk factors and consequences and treatment of atherosclerosis

A

risk- smoking, HBP, diabetes, high cholesterol
can cause angina, TIA (stroke), intermittent claudication- can result in amputations of limbs, can cause hemorrhage
with lifestyle changes can be reversed

38
Q

development of atherosclerosis- 1

A

if blood is pushed through tunica interna at high pressure it is no longer smooth, giving the ability for things to catch to it, if you are eating a diet with a high LDL consumption- these circulate in blood and get caught on tunica interna

39
Q

development of atherosclerosis- 2

A

this causes WBC to be sent in this area, this leads to macrophages eating away at LDL’s, they don’t manage to move away/ get stuck, they are then called foam cells, this sets up chronic inflammatory process- as body sends more macrophages

40
Q

development of atherosclerosis- 3

A

the first response is to push away from blood vessel- it pushes away from the internal areas of blood vessel- into tunica media, plaques encroaches on internal part of blood vessel, because of the elastic properties begin to be lost, fibroblasts can be laid down and calcium that circulates in blood- leads to build up becoming rock hard

41
Q

consequences of atherosclerosis

A

leads to an increased BP and hypertension, due to high blood pressure blood flow in artery- plaque can become displaced- platelets recognise this as damaged- platelets are sent and cause blood clots- block arteries to brain and heart

42
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

excessive localised enlargement of an artery caused by weakness in arterial wall- meaning it could rupture, can be linked

43
Q

common locations of aneurysm

A

aortic aneurysm and cerebral aneurysm

44
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

thrombus (blood clot) formed in large veins

45
Q

risk factors of deep vein thrombosis

A

family history, immobility, recent surgery, obesity

46
Q

symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

A

Discolouration- red, pain, swelling, homan’s test- if positive it is likely to have it- when dorsiflexing ankle will have severe pain

47
Q

pathologies of the venous system- varicose veins

A

bulging veins- valves become incompetent- don’t stop backflow

48
Q

pathologies of the venous system- chronic venous insufficiency

A

leg swelling, skin colour and texture change, venous ulcers

49
Q

What treats varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency

A

both treated with exercise- muscle pump working and compression stockings

50
Q

causes of venous insufficiency

A

faulty valves, varicose veins, standing for long periods of time, women more than men, obesity, pregnancy, family history

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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