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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Peripheral nerves > Flashcards

Peripheral nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system- communication and homeostasis

A

master controlling and communicating system of the body, monitors the bodys internal and external environment via afferent sensory input, integrates sensory input and motor commands

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2
Q

Functions of the nervous system- responses

A

coordinates involuntary and voluntary responses of many other organ systems via efferent motor output

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

sensory receptors in skin, joint muscle- sensory input, sends information via peripheral nerves to the brain and spinal cord- the information is integrated and processed, this stimulates a motor output in the muscular system

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain- receives and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores, memories generate thoughts and emotions, spinal cord- conduct signals to and from the brain, connects reflex activities

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

motor neurone- CNS to muscle gland, sensory neurones- sensory organs to CNS, 2 motor neurones- somatic nervous system- controls voluntary movement, autonomic nervous system- controls involuntary response, 2 autonomic NS- sympathetic (fight and flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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6
Q

what is the lower motor neurone

A

neurons with cell bodies in spinal cord or brainstem whose axons directly innervate skeletal muscle- peripheral nerves

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7
Q

what is the upper motor neurone

A

neurons that transmit information from the brain to lower motor neurons and the interneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord- central nerves

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system- cranial nerves

A

carrying information to and from the brain, e.g. vagus nerve 10- controls heart and lungs, and facial nerve 7- this supplies the muscle of the face- problems can result in dropping of the face

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9
Q

Peripheral nervous system- spinal nerves

A

carrying information to and from the spinal cord

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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

they have the ability to amend themselves, whereas nerves in the CNS cannot repair, 31 peripheral nerves

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

unconscious- sympathetic NS, and parasympathetic NS

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12
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

emerge from the thoracic or lumbar region of the spine- can lead to increased blood pressure (flight or fight)

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13
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

emerges from cranial and sacral parts of the spinal cord- damage to this nervous system slows everything down, e.g. heart rate

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14
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

they come into the spinal cord, via ascending tracks- to the brain, lots of dorsal columns bring info up spinal cord to the brain
lateral spinal cord- brings info down the brain
sensory info goes into the back of brain, motor information goes out the front

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15
Q

layers of peripheral nerves

A

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, then a small nerve cells

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16
Q

what are all spinal nerves

A

mixed nerve- carries both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibres

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17
Q

basic neuron types

A

bipolar- interneuron
unipolar- sensory neuron
multipolar motor neuron

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18
Q

basic nerve structure

A

dendrites- bring ingo into the cell body, cell body- has a nucleus and mitochondria, axon- to another nerve or muscle, to synaptic cleft

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19
Q

What does the CNS have- astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes

A

astrocytes- link cells together and form structure, microglia- additional immune cells that are placed within the brain, oligodendrocytes- these cover nerves in CNS, they provide protection

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20
Q

what does the PNS have

A

schwann cells- wrap themselves around peripheral nerve and provide covering, they have a neurolemma, this provides structures for regeneration

21
Q

what do dendrites transmit

A

they transmit an electrical impulse via chemicals (action potentials) to the cell body

22
Q

what do the cell body produce

A

the cell body produces an electrical impulse via chemicals (action potential) which is transmitted down the axon

23
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

at the end of the axon neurotransmitters are released to transmit the impulse from one nerve to the next or to muscle fibres

24
Q

what are nerve cells

A

nerve cells are excitable cells, neurones have a negative resting membrane potential (-70mv), the presence of a membrane potential is called polarisation

25
Q

how are action potentials started

A

neuron cell membranes contain ion channels to allow ions into or out the cell, dendrites initiate action potential- stimulate cell body,

26
Q

what is the state of the cell at resting potential

A

resting potential- lots of sodium ions on the outside, few potassium ions on the inside- much more negative inside, as action potential starts the sodium channels open and sodium ions go into cell

27
Q

nerve impulses- 1

A

stimuli causes Na+ ion channels open, Na+ ions rush into the cell, depolarisation occurs- more positive action potential

28
Q

nerve impulses- 2

A

equilibrium is reached, Na channels close- less sodium moving into cell, potassium moves outside the cell, start to see more negative

29
Q

nerve impulses- 3

A

K+ channels open- K continues to move out of the cell, repolarization occurs, k channels slowly close, hyperpolarization occur- where it is even more negative on the inside, K and Na pumped out to reach resting potential

30
Q

Action potential

A

resting membrane potential- change difference at rest, Na+ is kept relatively high outside vs inside, K+ is kept high inside and outside,

31
Q

what restores after action potentials

A

Na+ and K+ pumps restore after action potentials

32
Q

what is the all or nothing law

A

changes in resting membrane potential build up to threshold, when the threshold is reached a spike occurs, spike due to Na+ flooding in, once the AP starts, it opens adjacent Na+ gates without fail

33
Q

what is spatial summation

A

AP can occur if many short signals arrive at multiple dendrites simultaneously

34
Q

temporal summation

A

AP can occur if a series of signals arrive at one synapse

35
Q

what is continuous conduction

A

can happen in myelinated- bigger and transfer info quicker, and non- myelinated nerves- smaller not as quick,

36
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

occurs in myelinated nerves- saltatory conduction- impulse jumps between axons= quicker

37
Q

what are chemical synapses

A

presynaptic cell releases, act on postsynaptic cell (help initiate AP) they release neurotransmitters

38
Q

what do neurotransmitters excite or inhibit

A

they can excite or inhibit- calcium needed to open neurotransmitter gates

39
Q

examples of neurotransmitters- acetylcholine and serotonin

A

Ach- muscle contraction

serotonin- responsible for depression

40
Q

examples of neurotransmitters- dopamine, norepinephrine, Gaba

A

dopamine- lack of dopamine causes parkinson’s, too much dopamine can lead to schizophrenia, GABA

41
Q

damage to neurones

A

neurons have little regeneration capacity, CNS- no ability to repair damage

42
Q

PNS damage

A

myelinated cells are able to repair (neurolemma), only if cell body and schwann cells are intact,

43
Q

PNS degeneration

A

chromatolysis- occurs shortly after axon damage, wallerian degeneration- distal portion degrades

44
Q

axon regeneration

A

intact neurolemma cells divide, formation of regeneration tube, new axon will reform

45
Q

re-myelination

A

eventually, myelin reforms

46
Q

types of peripheral nerve injuries- transient ischemia

A

lack of oxygen to area supplied by nerve, caused by compression

47
Q

types of peripheral nerve injuries- neurapraxia

A

next level of nerve damage, ad a result compression, will regenerate but will take 6-8 weeks

48
Q

types of peripheral nerve injuries- axonotmesis

A

axon is damaged not completely served, can be caused by a pulling injury or crushing/ compression of nerve, endoneurium and perineurium are intact, regeneration can occur

49
Q

types of peripheral nerve injuries- neurotemiss

A

complete severance of nerve- can be sewed back together- as long as right things are sewed together- can regenerate

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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