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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Soft tissue and function > Flashcards

Soft tissue and function Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of soft tissue

A

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Outline of connective tissue

A

fills internal spaces, provides structural support, transports materials ,provides energy

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3
Q

Outline of epithelial cells

A

covers exposed surfaces, forms glands, lines internal passageways (anywhere the body is exposed to external environment)

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4
Q

Outline of muscle tissue

A

specialised for contraction

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5
Q

Outline of nervous tissue

A

carries information in the form of electrical impulses

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6
Q

What cells are in epithelial tissue

A

includes epithelial (cells that cover any exposed area of the body- form barrier between external and internal environment) and glands. Epithelia are cells that cover internal and external surfaces

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7
Q

Structures of epithelial tissue- cells and blood vessels

A

cells are bound closer together has an exposed surface, epithelia are avascular- no blood vessels, cells are continuously replaced/ regenerating

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8
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- physical protection

A

protect exposed/ internal surfaces from abrasion, dehydration and destruction by chemical/ biological agents

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9
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- control permeability

A

any substance entering or leaving the body must cross an epithelium, variable permeability- e.g. skin is not very permeable, where as the digestive trapped allows the absorption of beneficial substances (selected), absorption, secretion, excretion, diffusion

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10
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- provide sensation

A

large sensory nerve supply, continually providing information about internal/ external environment, smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, hearing

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11
Q

Functions of epithelial cells- produce specialized secretions

A

secretions produced by glands, secretions are either discharged onto surfaces of the epithelia or released into interstitial fluid/ blood

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12
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- basal surface

A

where cell attaches to ore epithelial cells if multiple layers or deeper tissue

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13
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- mitochondria

A

generate energy

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14
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- nucleus

A

controls cell and contains DNA

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15
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- microvilli

A

increase SA by up to 20 times- more efficient absorption and excretion

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16
Q

Structures of epithelial cells- cilia

A

beat in a coordinated manner and move substances over the surface

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17
Q

What are the 2 things epithelial cells are classified by

A

number of laters, cell shape

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18
Q

classification of epithelial cells- number of layers

A

simple (made of single layer) or stratified (made of many cell layer)

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19
Q

classification of epithelial cells- cell shape

A

squamous- flat- more likely to sustain more damage- leads to stratified tissue as damage occurs frequently so they can regenerate and replace
cuboidal
columnar

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20
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands, secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into blood,
hormones regulate or coordinate activities of various tissues, organs and systems

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21
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, thymus

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22
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts that empty on the epithelial surface

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23
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

digestive enzymes, sweat,tears

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24
Q

Connective tissue

A

occur throughout the body, never exposed to the outside environment, connect epithelial tissue to the rest of the body, many are highly vascular- different to epithelial, fill internal spaces, stores energy and transport materials, provides support to other tissues

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25
Q

3 categories of connective tissue

A

CT proper- loose CT and Dense/fibrous CT, fluid CT- blood and lymph nodes, supporting CT- cartilage and bones , these are then subclassified

26
Q

what is loose connective tissue made up of

A

loose connective tissue is made up of loosely packed collagen and elastin fibres and is found throughout the body. it fills the spaces around the organs. the elastic fibres within the tissue make it resilient, so it easily returns to its original shape after external pressure is removed

27
Q

structure of adipose tissue

A

this has similar structure to lose connective tissue but has a much higher proportion of fat cells. Its function is to provide padding, absorb shocks, insulates the body and stores energy

28
Q

What are the 2 types of fibrous connective tissue

A

dense regular and dense irregular

29
Q

what is dense regular fibrous connective tissue

A

it is predominantly made up of collagen fibres which are packed densely, and parallel to each other. Examples of dense regular connective tissue are tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

30
Q

What is dense irregular tissue

A

dense irregular fibres are more interwoven to form a meshwork, this allows the tissues to be subject to stresses from different directions, for example in the dermis (deep layer of skin)

31
Q

Blood and lymph connective tissue

A

blood and lymph are fluid connective tissue they transport cells and dissolve material around the body

32
Q

what do bones provide

A

by being attachment point for skeletal muscles, and protects organs. It is formed from densely packed collagen with mineral deposits, primarily calcium

33
Q

function of connective tissue- structural framework

A

establishing structural framework for the body- bone and lose connective tissue which provides support by filling spaces between organs

34
Q

function of connective tissue- transport

A

transport fluid and dissolved materials- blood and lymphatic system

35
Q

function of connective tissue- protects delicate organs

A

loose tissue protects delicate organs, supports surrounds and connects other types of tissue

36
Q

function of connective tissue- stores energy

A

adipose tissue- stores energy

37
Q

function of connective tissue- defend body

A

helps to defend body from invading microorganisms- cells on CT proper have macrophages, mast cells and lymphocytes- they migrate along connective tissue to sites of damage/ injury when needed- allow immune responses to travel to sites

38
Q

What is cartilage

A

closely packed collagen. fibres embedded in a firm matrix gel containing chondrocytes- cells in cartilage that produce and maintain cartilage matrix, secrete chemical that prevents the growth of blood tissue in cartilage and proteoglycans

39
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

made of protein and sugar they regulate movement of molecules throughout the matrix, play a big part in how much water is in the matrix- this affects how the cartilage withstands pressures forces

40
Q

is cartilage avascular

A

it absorbs all of its nutrients via the matrix- meaning it doesn’t heal well when damaged

41
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

42
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

this is the most common type, closely packed collagen fibres in matrix, tough but flexible- higher proportion of collagen fibres

43
Q

hyaline cartilage examples

A

in most joint covering articular surfaces, between ribs and sacrum, nasal cartilage, respiratory tract

44
Q

what is elastic cartilage

A

numerous elastic fibres, resilient but flexible- higher proportion of elastic fibres

45
Q

examples of elastic cartilage

A

external flap of ear (auricle), auditory tube, small cartilages in larynx

46
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

densely interwoven collagen fibres, little ground substances, durable and tough, resists compression and absorbs shock

47
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

between vertebrae, between pubic bones, meniscus

48
Q

what are membranes

A

membranes occur when epithelial tissues and connective tissue is combined. Consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue. They form a physical barrier, they control the movement of substances. They line or cover all the body’s surfaces

49
Q

4 types of membranes

A

mucous membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membranes, synovial membranes

50
Q

what are mucous membranes

A

they line passageways that open to exterior including digestive respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Epithelial surfaces are kept moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption/ secretion. Thin layer of epithelial cells- often simple classification- allows the crossing of substances

51
Q

what is the serous membrane

A

line the sealed internal cavities in the body, not open to exterior, very thin and transparent, firmly attach to body wall and organs that they cover, minimise friction- serous fluid produced (called transudate)

52
Q

examples of serous membrane- pleura

A

lines the pleural cavity, covers the lungs, pleurisy- is a condition where pleura becomes inflamed and causes pain when breathing

53
Q

examples of serous membrane- peritoneum

A

lines the peritoneal cavity, covers surfaces of exposed organs, peritonitis- inflammation of lining and is often caused by infection

54
Q

examples of serous membrane- pericardium

A

lines pericardial cavity, covers heart, pericarditis

55
Q

what are synovial membrane

A

membranes around the joint cavity of a synovial joint, forms a synovial capsule, made up of connective tissues with a layer of macrophages and fibroblasts, synovial fluid within a capsule- lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage (movement of joint stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid)

56
Q

what are the 2 layers of synovial membrane

A

loose CT later and an atypical epithelium- made up of macrophages and fibroblasts this regulates composition of synovial fluid

57
Q

2 layers of cutaneous membrane

A

epidermis (epithelial tissue- outer layer), dermis (connective tissue), this has 2 layers one of loose CT and one of dense irregular CT, contains blood in the lymphatic vessels and nerves

58
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane

A

subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, below dermis, accessory structures- hair foliaceus, exocrine glands, nails

59
Q

how long does it take a cell to move to the outermost later of skin

A

15-30 days, cells last for approx 2 weeks

60
Q

how can skin colour indicate pathological conditions

A

colour can indicate changing of pathological conditions, skin is important for all 3 cire specialities, e.g. if skin is red= inflammation, if someone has excessive sweating-, hypoxic patients may become cyanotic (not enough oxygen)

61
Q

function of cutaneous membrane- homeostasis

A

excretion of salts, water, and waste products, maintenance of temperature

62
Q

function of cutaneous membrane

A

protection of underlying tissue,production of melanin/ keratin, synthesis of vitamin DD3, storage of lipids in adipose tissue, sensation, coordinates immune response to pathogens/ cancers in the skin

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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