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Pathophysiology PH1002 > Kidney structure and function > Flashcards

Kidney structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

3 main functions of urinary system

A

excretion, elimination and homeostatic regulation

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3
Q

Functions of urinary system- excretion and elimination

A

excretion- the removal of waste products from body fluids

elimination- the discharge of these waste products in the form of urine

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4
Q

Functions of urinary system- homeostatic regulation

A

regulating blood volume and BP- through controlling water in blood, regulating plasma concentrations of ions- how much is lost in urine, stabilise blood pH, conserves valuable nutrients

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5
Q

kidney structure- position and weight and length

A

2 kidneys located posteriorly either side of the vertebral column level with T12-L3, 10cm long, 5.5cms wide and 3cms thick

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6
Q

kidney structure

A

have a suprarenal gland located at the apex of each kidney, reddish brown colour shaped like a kidney bean, hang suspended by collagen fibres of the renal fascia, working part of kidney is a thick layer of fat, has. strong outer fibrous capsule

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7
Q

cross section of the kidney- renal cortex

A

outer part of kidney, has a number of projections that extend down between the renal pyramids, contains the glomeruli, where ultrafiltration

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8
Q

cross section of the kidney- renal medulla

A

inner part of kidney, 6-12 distinct triangular structures= renal pyramids, the tip of renal pyramids projects into the renal sinus at a point called renal papilla, each renal pyramids is operated by the cortical columns of cortex, contains collecting ducts

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9
Q

what is the renal lobe

A

renal pyramid + renal cortex + adjacent cortical column

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10
Q

why do kidneys need a good blood supply

A

they need to have a good blood supply as blood is filtered in kidneys

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11
Q

blood flow to kidneys

A

renal artery- segmental arteries- interloper arteries- acute arteries- cortical radiate arteries- afferent arterioles- glomerulus- efference arteriole- peritubular capillaries- venules- cortical radiate veins- accurate veins- interloper vein- renal vein

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12
Q

the nephron

A

tubular structures within the cortex of each renal lobe

consist of the renal tubule and a renal corpuscle, where filtration occurs

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13
Q

how many nephrons does each kidney have

A

1.25 million

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14
Q

what is in the renal corpuscle

A

contains the glomerular capsule or bowman capsule and the glomerulus, glomerulus is the capillary network- 50 intertwining capillaries

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15
Q

functions of the kidney (A WET BED)

A

A- acid based balance, W- Water balance/ regulation, E- erythropoiesis (erythropoietin)- making of RBC, T- toxin removal, B- blood pressure regulation- through release hormone renin, E- electrolyte balance, D- vitamin D activation

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16
Q

how does the kidney regulate BP

A

through release of hormone renin- released due to low sodium levels or blood volume, or high potassium levels

17
Q

renal disorders

A

Nephritis, nephrosis, cancer, vascular disorder, congenital disorders, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure

18
Q

what is nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidneys, many types- interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephrtis

19
Q

what causes nephritis

A

interstitial- caused by an allergic reaction to medication or by long term medication use causing reaction after a long period of time, pyelonephritis- caused by infection, glomernephritis- begins of tutor and sever immunity issues

20
Q

symptoms of nephritis

A

pelvic/ kidney/ abdominal pain/ burning sensation on urination/ pus or blood in urine/ swelling of hands, feet, and face, vommiting, high BP

21
Q

diagnosis- nephritis

A

inflammatory/ infective markers, urine tests (looking for bacteria or presents of RBC/WBC), scans, raised creatinine and blood urea nitrogen or renal biopsy

22
Q

treatment of nephritis

A

dependent on type and cause, interstitial (take person of medication/ look for alternative medication), bacterial- specific antibodies, short term diaphysis

23
Q

nephrosis

A

non- inflammatory disease of kidneys, chiefly affecting the nephrons, characterised by the leaking of blood protein into the urine oedema, often seen as a degenerative disease, can be primary disorder or secondary to another disorder

24
Q

symptoms of nephrosis

A

sever swelling of eyes/ ankles/ feet, foamy urine, weight gain, fatigue, loss of appetite

25
Q

treatment of nephrosis

A

medication to reduce BP and cholesterol, to thin blood and suppress immune systems and diuretics

26
Q

cancer of kidneys (renal cell carcinoma)

A

often malignant, primarily over 50s, male>females, strong link to smoking, tend to be asymptomatic in early stages
5 year survival rate- 96% if caught early (Stage 1), to 23% if caught late (stage IV)

27
Q

Vascular disorder

A

above that expected in normal gaining, thickening and hardening of arterioles- reduced blood flow to the kidney- ischemia, linked to HTN, DM and heart failure

28
Q

what does long term schema cause

A

destruction of renal tissue and chronic renal failure

29
Q

treatments of vascular disorders

A

hypertensives, diuretics

30
Q

congenital disorders

A

adult polycystic kidney, most common genetic disease, presents itself at about 40 years, gradual development of cysts in both kidney, which gradually expand over years,

31
Q

how is congenital disorders diagnosed and treatment

A

rapid changes to blood and urine tests

treatment- reverse primary problem, temporary dialysis

32
Q

chronic renal failure

A

gradual inevitable destructions of the kidney over a long period of time, has several stages- decreased reserve- renal insmffincey- end stage renal failure

33
Q

causes of chronic Renal failure

A

chronic kidney disease, HTN, DM

34
Q

treatment of chronic renal failure

A

once advanced, progress of CRF may be stopped due to scar tissue and loss of function causing further degenerative changes

35
Q

Chronic renal failure- decreased reserve

A

around 60% of nephrons lost, decreased glomerular filtration rate and creatine levels within normal range, no clinical signs

36
Q

Chronic renal failure- renal insufficiency

A

around 75% nephron lost, changes in blood chemistry with increase in waste products in blood, loss of control- large volumes of dilute urine, decreased RBC production and increase in BP

37
Q

Chronic renal failure- end stage renal failure

A

more than 90% nephron lost, all body systems affected by the retention of waste products, anuria develops, regular dialysis or transplant is required

38
Q

Chronic renal failure- implications for physiotherapy

A

be aware of fistulas- be careful not to damage it, exercise tolerance- any renal disease will lead to a patient being more fatigued, won’t follow the normal recovery to illness of injury, psychosocial implications- difficult to motivate

Pathophysiology PH1002 (22 decks)

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