Gastrointestinal system Flashcards
components of digestive system- oral cavity/ teeth and tongue, liver, gall bladder
oral cavity/ teeth and tongue- mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
liver- secretions of bile, storage of nutrients
gall bladder- storage and concentrations of bile
components of digestive system- pancreas, large intestine, salivary gland
pancreas- exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones
large intestine- dehydration and compaction of ingestible materials in preparation for elimination
salivary gland- secretions of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates
components of digestive system- pharynx, oesophagus
pharynx- muscular propulsion of materials in oesophagus
oesophagus- transports materials to the stomach
components of digestive system- stomach, small intesteine
stomach- chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes, mechanical processing through muscular contractions
small intestine- enzymatic digestions and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins and ions
functions of digestive system- ingestion
via the mouth, is an active process of decision making and choice
functions of digestive system- mechanical processing
solids are required to go through process of tearing, mashing (preliminary mechanical processing)
functions of digestive system- digestion
chemical breakdown of food into soluble substances for absorption. Molecules are disassembled by digestive enzymes prior to absorption
functions of digestive system- secretion
release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts
functions of digestive system- absorption
movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water from digestive epithelium, down digestive tract
functions of digestive system- excretion
removal of waste products
stomach
J shaped organ that receives masticated food in the form of a bolus from the oesophagus. ingested food and stomach acid- chyme
located on the left hand side around T7- L3 level
main functions of stomach
storage of ingested food, mechanical breakdown of ingested food, absorption of chemical bonds in food material through acids and enzyme action, production of intrinsic factor- glycoproteins, essential for vitamin B 12 absorption
regions of the stomach
cardia, fundas, body, pylorus.
regions of the stomach- cardia
accepts bolus of food, junction between oesophagus and main part of stomach
regions of the stomach- fundus
curved shape, sits under left hemi diaphragm- could be impeded during removal of funds- respiratory complication
regions of the stomach- body
largest region of stomach- mixing tank, where chyme production
regions of the stomach- pylorus
pyloric canal- contains pyloric sphincter, regulates release of chyme and pyloric canal
small intestine
where chemical digestion Is completed, and products of digestion are absorbed. relies on the livers production of bile and the pancreas production of enzymes to facilitate the digestion. 90% nutrients are absorbed in small intestine, approx 6m length
3 segments of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
3 segments of small intestine- duodenum
receives chyme and digestive enzymes from pancreas and liver, continues absorption, C- shaped- curves around pancreas, sits around L1-4
3 segments of small intestine-jejunum
supported by mesenteric structure (attaches to posterior abdominal wall to keep it in going), 2.5m long, where bulk of chemical digestion happens
3 segments of small intestine- ileum
3.5m long, end with sphincter which controls how much fluid is allowed through into large bowl
large intestine
begins at end of the ileum and ends at the anus, frames the small intestine, 1.5m length, 7.5cm width
function- reabsorbtion of water and compaction into faces, absorption of vitamins released by bacterial action, storage of faeces prior to defecation
3 parts of large intestine
cecum- extended pouch following on for ileum,
colon- made of 4 parts- ascending colon up right lateral aspect of abdomen and bends at heptic flexure, travels along the transverse colon from right to left, another turn at splenic flexure, then depending colon, into sigmoid colon
rectum
liver
large visceral organ- weighing 1.5kg, located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm and stretches to the top of the stomach, right kidney and intestines
4 lobes- right, left, caudate, quadrate
functions of liver
secretes bile into the duodenum via common bile duct, metabolic regulation, haematological regulation, bile production
gall bladder
hallow pear- shaped organ, stores and concentrates bile, sits underneath right lobe of liver
disorders- gall stones
small stones made of cholesterol. if get trapped in the duct- leads to cholecytisis
disorders- crohns disease
inflammation of parts of digestive system- flares ups
lifelong disease
vommiting, blood in faeces, fighting round bowel
treatment- manage inflammation, stop inflammation coming back- immonosuapresants, remove areas that are permanently damaged
disorders- ulcerative colitis
inflammation of colon and rectum- life long,
similar symptoms- crohns disease, loss of appetite, tiredness, struggle to absorb nutrients
disorders- diverticulitis, ulcers, gastroenteritis
diverticulitis- small bulges or pockets in, ulcers- may vommit blood- may require surgery and medications, gastroenteritis- bacterial infections
common surgical incisions
laparoscopic, laparotomy- midline, transverse, roof, paramedian, subcostal
