Gastrointestinal system

Question 1

components of digestive system- oral cavity/ teeth and tongue, liver, gall bladder

Answer 1

oral cavity/ teeth and tongue- mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions
liver- secretions of bile, storage of nutrients
gall bladder- storage and concentrations of bile

Question 2

components of digestive system- pancreas, large intestine, salivary gland

Answer 2

pancreas- exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones
large intestine- dehydration and compaction of ingestible materials in preparation for elimination
salivary gland- secretions of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates

Question 3

components of digestive system- pharynx, oesophagus

Answer 3

pharynx- muscular propulsion of materials in oesophagus

oesophagus- transports materials to the stomach

Question 4

components of digestive system- stomach, small intesteine

Answer 4

stomach- chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes, mechanical processing through muscular contractions
small intestine- enzymatic digestions and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins and ions

Question 5

functions of digestive system- ingestion

Answer 5

via the mouth, is an active process of decision making and choice

Question 6

functions of digestive system- mechanical processing

Answer 6

solids are required to go through process of tearing, mashing (preliminary mechanical processing)

Question 7

functions of digestive system- digestion

Answer 7

chemical breakdown of food into soluble substances for absorption. Molecules are disassembled by digestive enzymes prior to absorption

Question 8

functions of digestive system- secretion

Answer 8

release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts

Question 9

functions of digestive system- absorption

Answer 9

movement of organic substrates, electrolytes, vitamins, and water from digestive epithelium, down digestive tract

Question 10

functions of digestive system- excretion

Answer 10

removal of waste products

Question 11

stomach

Answer 11

J shaped organ that receives masticated food in the form of a bolus from the oesophagus. ingested food and stomach acid- chyme
located on the left hand side around T7- L3 level

Question 12

main functions of stomach

Answer 12

storage of ingested food, mechanical breakdown of ingested food, absorption of chemical bonds in food material through acids and enzyme action, production of intrinsic factor- glycoproteins, essential for vitamin B 12 absorption

Question 13

regions of the stomach

Answer 13

cardia, fundas, body, pylorus.

Question 14

regions of the stomach- cardia

Answer 14

accepts bolus of food, junction between oesophagus and main part of stomach

Question 15

regions of the stomach- fundus

Answer 15

curved shape, sits under left hemi diaphragm- could be impeded during removal of funds- respiratory complication

Question 16

regions of the stomach- body

Answer 16

largest region of stomach- mixing tank, where chyme production

Question 17

regions of the stomach- pylorus

Answer 17

pyloric canal- contains pyloric sphincter, regulates release of chyme and pyloric canal

Question 18

small intestine

Answer 18

where chemical digestion Is completed, and products of digestion are absorbed. relies on the livers production of bile and the pancreas production of enzymes to facilitate the digestion. 90% nutrients are absorbed in small intestine, approx 6m length

Question 19

3 segments of small intestine

Answer 19

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 20

3 segments of small intestine- duodenum

Answer 20

receives chyme and digestive enzymes from pancreas and liver, continues absorption, C- shaped- curves around pancreas, sits around L1-4

Question 21

3 segments of small intestine-jejunum

Answer 21

supported by mesenteric structure (attaches to posterior abdominal wall to keep it in going), 2.5m long, where bulk of chemical digestion happens

Question 22

3 segments of small intestine- ileum

Answer 22

3.5m long, end with sphincter which controls how much fluid is allowed through into large bowl

Question 23

large intestine

Answer 23

begins at end of the ileum and ends at the anus, frames the small intestine, 1.5m length, 7.5cm width
function- reabsorbtion of water and compaction into faces, absorption of vitamins released by bacterial action, storage of faeces prior to defecation

Question 24

3 parts of large intestine

Answer 24

cecum- extended pouch following on for ileum,
colon- made of 4 parts- ascending colon up right lateral aspect of abdomen and bends at heptic flexure, travels along the transverse colon from right to left, another turn at splenic flexure, then depending colon, into sigmoid colon
rectum

Question 25

liver

Answer 25

large visceral organ- weighing 1.5kg, located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm and stretches to the top of the stomach, right kidney and intestines
4 lobes- right, left, caudate, quadrate

Question 26

functions of liver

Answer 26

secretes bile into the duodenum via common bile duct, metabolic regulation, haematological regulation, bile production

Question 27

gall bladder

Answer 27

hallow pear- shaped organ, stores and concentrates bile, sits underneath right lobe of liver

Question 28

disorders- gall stones

Answer 28

small stones made of cholesterol. if get trapped in the duct- leads to cholecytisis

Question 29

disorders- crohns disease

Answer 29

inflammation of parts of digestive system- flares ups
lifelong disease
vommiting, blood in faeces, fighting round bowel
treatment- manage inflammation, stop inflammation coming back- immonosuapresants, remove areas that are permanently damaged

Question 30

disorders- ulcerative colitis

Answer 30

inflammation of colon and rectum- life long,

similar symptoms- crohns disease, loss of appetite, tiredness, struggle to absorb nutrients

Question 31

disorders- diverticulitis, ulcers, gastroenteritis

Answer 31

diverticulitis- small bulges or pockets in, ulcers- may vommit blood- may require surgery and medications, gastroenteritis- bacterial infections

Question 32

common surgical incisions

Answer 32

laparoscopic, laparotomy- midline, transverse, roof, paramedian, subcostal