Pathology semester 1

Question 1

What is lifespan development

Answer 1

life span development refers to age relate changes that occur from birth, throughout a person’s life, into and during old age.

Question 2

What are the 6 stages of life span development

Answer 2

infancy- birth 2 years, childhood- 2-4 years, adolescence- 10-20 years, early adulthood- 20-40 years, middle age- 40-65 years, older age 65+

Question 3

how many trimesters are there for prenatal development

Answer 3

3

Question 4

prenatal development- first trimester

Answer 4

embryological and foetal development where the beginnings of all major organ systems appear, being laid down as ectoderm- mesoderm- endoderm (3 layers of cells

Question 5

prenatal development- second trimester

Answer 5

development of organs and organ systems. Body shape and proportions change, the foetus looks distinctively like a human by 6 months

Question 6

prenatal development- third trimester

Answer 6

Rapid foetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue. major organ systems are fully functioning in the early stage of this trimester

Question 7

Development of organs (from conception)

Answer 7

placenta (start at 1 weeks), brain and spinal cord (start at week 2), heart and foetal circulation (start at week 3), lungs (start at week 4)

Question 8

importance of placenta before birth

Answer 8

baby sticks capillaries into placenta blood to gain nutrients from mother. Baby gets oxygenated through this blood

Question 9

foetal circulation step 1 (umbilical vein and ductus venosus)

Answer 9

umbilical vein carries blood back to the mother, the ductus venous allows blood to travel from the UV to the inferior vena cava. This is a large vein that picks up oxygenated blood

Question 10

foetal circulation step 2 (where does blood go from inferior vena cava)

Answer 10

the blood then goes into the right atrium, some of the blood is squeezed into the right ventricle and then out via the pulmonary artery to the lungs

Question 11

foetal circulation step 3 (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction)

Answer 11

in the lungs there are sacks filled with fluid, meaning there isn’t much oxygen. This causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, this is where the alveolus helps to constrict the arteriole, increasing the resistance of the arteriole and therefore the lungs.

Question 12

foetal circulation step 4 (pressure un PA and RA)

Answer 12

The pressure in the PA is very high (due to resistance in lungs), therefore there is a large amount of pressure in the right side of the heart. The pressure in the RA becomes higher than the pressure in the LA, causing blood to move to the LA via the foramen ovale

Question 13

foetal circulation step 5 (blood from PV going to LA)

Answer 13

There is blood going from the PV going into the LA, this blood then goes into the LV and is squeezed into the aorta. Some of the blood in the PA goes directly into the aorta due to the pressure being higher in the PA than the aorta, via the ductus arteriosus, the aorta then distributes blood to the foetal tissue

Question 14

foetal circulation step 7(what do the foramen ovale and ductus arteirosus allow)

Answer 14

they allow a right to left shunt to bypass the lungs. the advantageous because blood doesn’t need to go to the lungs as the baby isn’t breathing. The foetus relies on oxygen from the maternal circuit in the placenta

Question 15

foetal circulation step 8 (umbilical artery)

Answer 15

the umbilical artery then brings blood back to the placenta, the placenta has a low resistance, making blood divert towards it.

Question 16

immediate changes at birth

Answer 16

changes occur when the infant takes its first breath and the lungs expand. Blood rushes into the pulmonary system causing the constriction of the ductus arteriosus
pressure rushes into the LA causing the foramen ovale to close
the cord is clamped- leading to umbilical artery and vein shrivelling up as they are no longer necessary, the ductus venous remains viable for several hours, but lack of blood from the placenta causes it to close

Question 17

respiratory system in infancy

Answer 17

the rib cage is soft/ cartilaginous, poorly developed intercostal muscles and have less type 1 muscle twitch fibres, angle of insertion for diaphragm is horizontal, preferential nasal breathing, airways diameters are small and there increase airway resistance and increase WOB, poorly developed cilia- less wafting, about 150 million alveoli (instead of 400), collateral ventilation does not exist at birth- less tubes to alveoli takes 3 years to fully develop, they have a higher resting metabolic rate (requires more oxygen

Question 18

musculoskeletal system in infancy

Answer 18

born with 300 bones, some of which fuse (adults have 206 bones)
bones are soft at birth, cartilaginous and ossify over time
muscle fibres are small- fatigue easily
body fat is laid down until 9-12 years old

Question 19

neurological system in infancy- brain

Answer 19

brain is a quarter of total baby’s weight

the lower centre of brains are most developed

Question 20

Physical growth from birth

Answer 20

At birth 1/3 of adult heigh, growth is in 3 phases, body parts grow at different stages, weight. increases before height

Question 21

Factors influencing growth and development- genetic

Answer 21

genetic factors determine characteristics such as sex, physical status and race

Question 22

Factors influencing growth and development- environmental factors

Answer 22

They affect an individual’s growth and development, e.g. family, religion, school. Poorly nourished children is more likely to have infection than a well fed child and may not attain his or her potential height

Question 23

factors affecting physical growth- traits

Answer 23

traits and characteristics inherited at the time of conception

Question 24

factors affecting physical growth- birth

Answer 24

single or multiple birth, normal or abnormal delivery, conditions of care at the time of delivery, care of mother and baby

Question 25

factors affecting physical growth- health

Answer 25

physical as well as mental health of the mother during pregnancy

Question 26

factors affecting physical growth- nutrition

Answer 26

nutrition received by the child after birth

Question 27

physical growth- weight

Answer 27

most infants double their birth weight at 4-6 months and triple it by 1 year, first 6 months, average weight gain 2lb per month, second 6 months, weight gain is approx 1lb per month, the average 1 year old boy weighs 10kg, girl weighs 9.5 kg

Question 28

Growth- childhood

Answer 28

from 2-10 years, period of slow steady physical growth, refinement of motor skills, mental development through school

Question 29

growth- adolescence

Answer 29

from 10-20 years, begins puberty (10-14 years girls and 12-16 years boys), a time of rapid hormonal change which affects male and females differently

Question 30

musculoskeletal systems in adolescence

Answer 30

accelerated bone deposition and skeletal growth with the closure of epiphyseal plates, increase strength and endurance of skeletal muscle, testosterone has a greater effect than oestrogen leading to significant different in muscle mass between male and females

Question 31

neurological systems in adolescence

Answer 31

sex hormones affect the CNS, there is an increase sex drive and sexual behaviours by the increase in testosterone and oestrogen

Question 32

cardiorespiratory systems in adolescence

Answer 32

the pressure of increased level of testosterone causes blood volume to increase, testosterone stimulates the disproportionate growth of the larynx and a thickening of the vocal cord- deepening voice

Question 33

growth after puberty

Answer 33

background secretion of hormones maintains the sex specific differences between males and females, both continue to grow at a slower pace up until 18-21 years, the boundary between adolescent and maturity is hazy as it has physical as well as emotional and behavioural components, adolescence is over physically when growth stops (physical maturity)

Question 34

Neurological systems in infancy- muscles and positions

Answer 34

normal exhibits flexural tone- curled up, difficult to fully extend joints
posses primitive reflexes
all neurones are nerves are present- just need to be told what to do
transient exuberance- dendrites find correct pathways and forming connections through learning