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Gross Anatomy 4 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained within the pons?

A

Pontine nuclei - co-ordination and maximising voluntary motor output
Contains pneumotaxic tract - help control breathing
Origin of CN V, VI, VII, and the vestibular part of VIII

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2
Q

What lobe is highlighted?

A

Parietal lobe

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3
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The central sulcus

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4
Q

What area is shown?

A

Broca’s area - speech (motor)

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5
Q

How do the vertebral arteries reach the brain?

A

Ascend the neck through foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
Join close to the foramen magnum to form the basilar artery

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6
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A

Lateral - one in each hemisphere
Cerebral aqueduct - runs through midbrain and connects 3rd and 4th
3rd ventricle - inside the thalamus. connected to lateral ventricles via foramina of Munro
4th ventricle - connects to sub-arachnoid space and central canal of spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates the autonomic nervous system and homeostasis (body temp., thirst etc.)

Produces hormones and is connected to the pituitary gland

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8
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland

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9
Q

What cranial nerves come from the midbrain?

A 
CN III (occulomotor)
CN IV (trochlear)
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10
Q

Where are the dural venous sinuses formed?

A

Either between the periosteum of the skull and the dura or between 2 layers of dura

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11
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The pons

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12
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Pia matter - innermost
Arachnoid - middle layer
Dura matter - outmost layer

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13
Q

What is the action of the basal ganglia?

A

Regulated the initiation and termination of body movements.

Also involved in memory, planning and emotional response (via the limbic system)

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14
Q

What is the importance of the central sulcus?

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes
Useful in finding the functional areas of the brain
Motor cortex sits anterior to the sulcus and the sensory cortex sites posteriorly

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15
Q

What lobe is highlighted?

A

Occipital lobe

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16
Q

What lobe is highlighted?

A

Frontal lobe

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17
Q

What is the main innervation of the dura?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CNV)

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18
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Controls sub-concious aspects of skeletal muscle movements and co-ordinates complex sequences
Regulates posture and balance

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19
Q

What is the role of the superior colliculi?

A

Visual tracking, scanning

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20
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Longitudinal fissure - separates the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

What is the role of the red nuclei of the midbrain?

A

Co-ordinate muscle movement

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22
Q

Describe the middle meningeal artery?

A

Comes from the maxillary artery and passes through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura with blood

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23
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

Provides mechanical and physical protection to the brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

How to the ICA reach the brain?

A

Pass into carotid canal and through the cavernous venous sinus

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25
Q

What is the role of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory startle reflex

26
Q

What is the role of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Drain blood from the brain and channel it into the internal jugular vein

27
Q

What recycles the CSF?

A

Arachnoid granulations - provide a route for CSF back into the blood

28
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Clumped together ependymal cells. Hang inside the ventricles.
Found in the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

29
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The circle of Willis

30
Q

Which arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

31
Q

Describe the posterior meningeal artery?

A

Comes from the occipital artery

Supplies the dura of the posterior fossa

32
Q

What lobe is highlighted?

A

Temporal lobe

33
Q

Where does the substantia nigra lie?

A

In the midbrain

34
Q

What is indicated in this image?

A

The confluence of the sinuses - collects the blood and passes it to the transverse and sigmoid sinuses to be drained into the IJVs

35
Q

What are association tracts?

A

Tracts between gyri of the same hemisphere

36
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

Filter blood plasma to make CSF

37
Q

Through what structure do the 2 cerebral hemispheres communicate with one another?

A

Corpus Callosum

38
Q

What are commisural tracts/fibres?

A

Tracts from one hemisphere to the corresponding region of the other

39
Q

Describe the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Lies between the pia and arachnoid matter

Contains CSF

40
Q

What area is shown?

A

Wernicke’s area - speech (recognition)

41
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract that connects the cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Fibres from the cerebrum to the thalamus, brainstem etc.

43
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with other areas of the brain?

A

Via cerebellar peduncles

Superior cerebellar peduncle - midbrain to cerebellum
Middle - pons to cerebellum
Inferior - medulla to cerebellum

44
Q

Describe the anterior meningeal artery?

A

Comes from the ethmoid branches of the internal carotid artery
Supplies the dura of the anterior fossa

45
Q

What is contained within the lateral fissure?

A

Middle cerebral artery

46
Q

What is the clinical relevence of the dural venous sinuses?

A

Communications exist between cavernous venous sinus, pterygoid venous plexus, the ophthalmic veins and facial veins that allow for the potential spread of bacteria from the superficial veins to the venous sinuses

47
Q

What surrounds the basal ganglia?

A 
The insula
(except for substantia nigra which is in the mid brain)
48
Q

What is highlighted?

49
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

Connects the pons and medulla to the diencephalon

50
Q

What covers the pituitary gland?

A

Sella Turcia

51
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The midbrain

52
Q

What hormones are released by the pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone

FSH and LH

53
Q

What are the folds of the dura that protect the brain?

A

Falx Cerebri - lies between the cerebral hemispheres and carries the inferior saggital venous sinus
Tentorium Cerebri - covers the cerebellum

54
Q

What is this structure?

A

Lateral fissure - between the temporal and parietal/frontal lobes

55
Q

What is highlighted?

A

The cerebellum

56
Q

What is highlighted?

57
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Hypothalamus

58
Q

What is contained within the medulla?

A

The pyramids (motor tracts)
Cardiovascular centres (rate/force heartbeat, diameter of vessels)
Breathing centres
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure and vibration
Olives - proprioception
Origin of CN IX, X, XI, XII and cochlear part of VIII

59
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland/epithalamus?

A

Produces melatonin to regulate body clock

Contains the habenular nucleus (olfaction and emotional response)

60
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Pituitary gland

61
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

It is a major sensory relay station
Spinal cord, brainstem, midbrain to the thalamus and then to the cerebral hemispheres
Also involved in motor pathways

Has connections to the hypothalamus and limbic system

Gross Anatomy 4 (14 decks)

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