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Anatomy 2 > The Back > Flashcards

The Back Flashcards

lecture 1

1
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what makes up the vertebral arch?

A

pedicles and laminae

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2
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what parts of the vertebrae provide protection of spinal cord?

A

pedicles and laminae

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3
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

articular facets _________ movement (contract with other vertebrae, ribs)

A

restrict

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4
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

A
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5
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what is the function of the vertebral body?

A

support of body weight

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6
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what is the function of the spinous processes and transverse processes

A

muscle attachments and movement

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7
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what is the function of articular processes?

A

restriction of movement

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8
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what are 2 features that make C1 (atas) special?

A
  • no body
  • no spinous process
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9
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what are 2 features of C2 (axis) that make it special?

A
  • dens/odontoid process
  • held in position against anteriro arch of atlas with transverse ligament
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10
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

describe vertebral body and vertebral foramen of “normal” cervical vertebrae

A

V body: small, concave, superior surface
V foramen: large, triangular

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11
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what is present in the transverse processes of cerical Vertebrae

A

foramina transversaria

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12
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

the foramen trasnversarium is found in the upper 6 vertebrae and it gives passage to?

A

the vertebral artery and vein and a plexus ofsympathetic nerves

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13
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

the spinous processes are what shape in the CV?

A

bifid

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14
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what is an uncinate process in the body?
What is the uncinate proces of the CV?

A

a hook shaped bony projection taht can refere to multiple body parts namely ethmoid bone, vertebrae, pancreas and ribs
- the vertebrae uncinate process is a bony projection on the side edges of the top surface of the 3rd-6th CV

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15
Q

vertebrae: generalized features

what 4 other things does the unciate process do in the CV?

A
  • bilateral crests
  • form unconvertebral joints
  • synovial
  • add stability
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16
Q

muscles of the back: deep layer

what is the primary function of the transversospinalis group (3)?

A

spinal extension, rotation, stabilization and proprioception

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17
Q

thoracic vertebrae

what is the shape of the thoracic vertebral body? the vertebral foramen?

A

heart shaped
smaller, more circular compared to cervical

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18
Q

lumbar vertebrae

what is the shape of the vertebral body? the vertebral foramen?

A

large kidney shaped
moretriangular than thoracic, relatively smaller than cervical

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19
Q

sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

how many vertebrae are fused in the sacrum?

A

5

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20
Q

sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

the ventral rami exit from?

A

anterior sacral foramina

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21
Q

sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

where does the dorsal rami exit from?

A

posterior sacral foramina

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22
Q

ligaments

what are the ligaments of verterabal bodies called?

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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23
Q

ligametns

(4)what are the accessory ligaments of the intervertebral joints?

A

ligament flavum
inter transverse ligaments
supraspinous ligaments
interspinous ligament

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24
Q

joints

what type of joints are the superior and inferior articular facets?

A

synovial planar joints (allowing for gliding movements)

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25
Q

intervertebral disc

what % of length/height of vertebral column comes from the intervertebral discs?

A

20-25%

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26
Q

intervertebral discs

what is the purpose of IV discs?

A

shock absorbers
allow movement between vertebrae

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27
Q

intervertebral disc

what is the annulus fibrosus?

A

fibrous rings of conentric lamellae(collagen) made of fibrocartilage

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28
Q

intervertebral discs

what direction do the fibers of the annulus fibrosus run? Has limited rotations with?

A

obliquely
- limited rotation with strong bond across vertebrae

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29
Q

intervertebral disc

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A

center mass of disc that is gel like in substance

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30
Q

intervertebral disc

when is the nucleus pulposus most broad?

A

during compression

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31
Q

intervertebral disc

when is the nueclus pulposus thinner?

A

when tensed or stretched (tensile forces)

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32
Q

ligaments

interspinous ligament runs between what structures?

A

between spinous processes

spinous process to next spinous process

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33
Q

ligaments

intertransverse ligament runs between what structures?

A

between transverse processes

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34
Q

ligaments

supraspinous processes run between what structures?

A

superior to inferior spinous processes
(pelvis to C7)

35
Q

ligaments

the supraspinous ligaments merges with what other ligament?

A

nuchal ligament

36
Q

ligaments

the nuchal ligament is a broad strong ligament on the back of the neck that runs from ____________ to ____________?

A

external occipital protuberance t ocervical spinous porcesses

37
Q

ligaments

the nuchal ligament helps hold ______ and acts as ________?

A

head up and acts as attachment site

38
Q

joints

what osteokinematic motions can occur at OA joint?

A

flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of head

39
Q

ligaments

the alar ligament is short, rounded and connects the C2 dens to? as well as attaches cranium to ?

A
  • lateral margins of foramen magnum
  • cranium to C1
40
Q

ligaments

the alar ligament prevents ?

A

exessive rotation

41
Q

ligaments

what are the 2 parts of the cruciate ligaments?

A
  • transverse
  • superior/inferior longitudinal
42
Q

ligaments

the transverse cruciate ligament runs L to R of what? and posterior to where?

A

C1, to the dens

*also known as cruciate ligament of atlas
creates part of atlanto-axial joint
*two bands give it, its name (longitudinal band and transverse band - creates cruciform shape)

43
Q

ligaments

the superior longitudinal part runs the transverse ligament to?

A

the anterior foramen magnum

44
Q

ligaments

the inferior longitudinal runs the transverse ligament to ?

A

posterior surface of C2

45
Q

ligaments

what is the role of cruciate ligaments in cervical spine?

A

holds the dens in articulation for rotation

46
Q

spinal cord

how long is the average spinal cord in adults?

A

42-45 cm long

47
Q

spinal cord

the spinal cord runs from occipital to where?

A

L1/L2

48
Q

spinal cord

how much of the vertebral canal does the spinal cord take up?

A

2/3 of it

49
Q

spinal cord, head ,meninges

what is purpose of the meninges?

A

surround/protect/support

50
Q

spinal cord, head ,meninges

what does the meninges contain specifically by innermost layer?

A

cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

51
Q

meninges

the dura mater is also known as what?

A

hard mother

52
Q

meninges

the arachnoid mater (intermediate layer) is also know as what?

A

spidery mother

53
Q

meninges

the pia mater (inner most layer) is also known as what?

A

tender mother

54
Q

meninges

what is the dura mater comprised of?

A

tough fibers with some elastic fibers

55
Q

meninges

what is the arachnoid mater made of? why is it unique?

A

delicate membrane with some avascular and elastic fibers.
- unique due to looking like a spider web and not being attached to the dura

56
Q

meninges

what does the pia mater directly cover ?

A

spinal n roots and vessels

57
Q

menginges

what does the pia mater continue into?

A

filum terminal inferior to conus medullas

58
Q

meninges

where is the CSF located in the meninges?

A

space between pia and arachnoid only during life

59
Q

vertebral canal

conus medullaris is the tapering of?

A

spinal cord higher at T12 and Low at L3

60
Q

vertebral canal

where is the cauda equina located? what is it?

A

located below conus medullaris
- is a bundle of dorsal/ventral nerve roots going toward lower limb

61
Q
A
62
Q

arteries

what arteries supply the serratus posterior superior/inferior?

A

intercostal arteries 2-5
intercostal artereis 9-12

63
Q

arteries

what ateries supply the erector spinae muscles?

2 are the same 1 is different

A

spinal and longissimus - lateral sacral arteries
iliocostalis - intercostal arteries and lumbar arteries

64
Q

nerves

the erector spinae muscle are innervated by ?

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

65
Q

nerves

the serratus posterior superior and inferior is innervated by?

A

ventral rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)

66
Q

where are uncovertebral joints found?

A

cervical region only

67
Q

what is a mamillary process? where is it found?

A

muscle attachment site (multifidus m.), found in lumbar spine

68
Q

label

A
69
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

tapering of spinal cord

70
Q

the back

label

A
71
Q

intrinsic muscles of the back

what is the superficial layer comprised of?

A

splenius cervicis and capitis mm.

72
Q

bilaterally and unilaterally what is the action of splenius cervicis and capitis?

A

bilaterally: extend head and neck
unilaterally: flex the neck, rotation of head

73
Q

intrinsic back muscles

What is comprised of the intermediate layer of intrnsic back muscles?

L to M ( I LOVE STRETCHING)

A

erector spinae mm.
iliocostalis m (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)
longissimus . ( thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
spinalis m (thoracic, cervicis, capitis)

known as the long muscles of the back

74
Q

intrinsic back muscles

what are the muscles of the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles

sometimes described as having two layers due to major/minor muscles

A

transversospinalis mm
deep layer (minors): interspinales m, intertransversarii m, levator castarum m
deep layer (majors): semispinalis m, multifidus m, rotatores (longus and brevis)

75
Q

intrinsic back muscles

where is it easist to observe the mutifidus m?

A

lumbar region
T1-T3 transverse processes, C4-C7 articular processes, sacrum and pelvis –> spinous processes

76
Q

intrinstic back muscles

where is it easiest to observe rotatores longus and brevis?

A

thoracic region

77
Q

sub occipital triangle

what are the borders of the sub occipital triangle?
superomedial:
superolateral:
inferolateral:
floor:
roof:

A

SM: rectus capitis posterior major m
SL: obliquus capitis superior m
IL: obliquus capitis inferior m

floor: atlanto-occipital membrane, C1
roof: semispinalis capitis m, and laterally there is the longissimus capitis

78
Q

sub occipital triangle

what are the contents of the sub occipital triangle

A
  • 3rd part of vertebral artery
  • dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve)
  • suboccipital plexus of veins
79
Q

what are the suboccipital muscles?

*draw your picture if you need to! (3 lines)

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • obliquus capitis superior
  • obliquus capitis inferior
80
Q

also label the other parts as well (what type of vertebrae is this)

A

B

81
Q
A
82
Q
A
83
Q

what are the nerves that innervate the suboccipital muscles?

A

Suboccipital Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 Runs between cranium and C1 vertebra to reach suboccipital triangle Muscles of suboccipital triangle

Greater occipital Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C2 Emerges inferior to obliquus capitis inferior and ascends to posterior scalp Skin over the neck and occipital bone

Lesser occipital Anterior rami of spinal nerves C2–C3 Passes directly to skin Skin of superior posterolateral neck and scalp posterior to external ear

Posterior rami, nerves C3–C7 Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3–C7 Pass segmentally to muscles and skin Intrinsic muscles of back and overlying skin (adjacent to vertebral column)

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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