The Back Flashcards
lecture 1
vertebrae: generalized features
what makes up the vertebral arch?
pedicles and laminae
vertebrae: generalized features
what parts of the vertebrae provide protection of spinal cord?
pedicles and laminae
vertebrae: generalized features
articular facets _________ movement (contract with other vertebrae, ribs)
restrict
vertebrae: generalized features
vertebrae: generalized features
what is the function of the vertebral body?
support of body weight
vertebrae: generalized features
what is the function of the spinous processes and transverse processes
muscle attachments and movement
vertebrae: generalized features
what is the function of articular processes?
restriction of movement
vertebrae: generalized features
what are 2 features that make C1 (atas) special?
- no body
- no spinous process
vertebrae: generalized features
what are 2 features of C2 (axis) that make it special?
- dens/odontoid process
- held in position against anteriro arch of atlas with transverse ligament
vertebrae: generalized features
describe vertebral body and vertebral foramen of “normal” cervical vertebrae
V body: small, concave, superior surface
V foramen: large, triangular
vertebrae: generalized features
what is present in the transverse processes of cerical Vertebrae
foramina transversaria
vertebrae: generalized features
the foramen trasnversarium is found in the upper 6 vertebrae and it gives passage to?
the vertebral artery and vein and a plexus ofsympathetic nerves
vertebrae: generalized features
the spinous processes are what shape in the CV?
bifid
vertebrae: generalized features
what is an uncinate process in the body?
What is the uncinate proces of the CV?
a hook shaped bony projection taht can refere to multiple body parts namely ethmoid bone, vertebrae, pancreas and ribs
- the vertebrae uncinate process is a bony projection on the side edges of the top surface of the 3rd-6th CV
vertebrae: generalized features
what 4 other things does the unciate process do in the CV?
- bilateral crests
- form unconvertebral joints
- synovial
- add stability
muscles of the back: deep layer
what is the primary function of the transversospinalis group (3)?
spinal extension, rotation, stabilization and proprioception
thoracic vertebrae
what is the shape of the thoracic vertebral body? the vertebral foramen?
heart shaped
smaller, more circular compared to cervical
lumbar vertebrae
what is the shape of the vertebral body? the vertebral foramen?
large kidney shaped
moretriangular than thoracic, relatively smaller than cervical
sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
how many vertebrae are fused in the sacrum?
5
sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
the ventral rami exit from?
anterior sacral foramina
sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
where does the dorsal rami exit from?
posterior sacral foramina
ligaments
what are the ligaments of verterabal bodies called?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
ligametns
(4)what are the accessory ligaments of the intervertebral joints?
ligament flavum
inter transverse ligaments
supraspinous ligaments
interspinous ligament
joints
what type of joints are the superior and inferior articular facets?
synovial planar joints (allowing for gliding movements)
intervertebral disc
what % of length/height of vertebral column comes from the intervertebral discs?
20-25%
intervertebral discs
what is the purpose of IV discs?
shock absorbers
allow movement between vertebrae
intervertebral disc
what is the annulus fibrosus?
fibrous rings of conentric lamellae(collagen) made of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs
what direction do the fibers of the annulus fibrosus run? Has limited rotations with?
obliquely
- limited rotation with strong bond across vertebrae
intervertebral disc
what is the nucleus pulposus?
center mass of disc that is gel like in substance
intervertebral disc
when is the nucleus pulposus most broad?
during compression
intervertebral disc
when is the nueclus pulposus thinner?
when tensed or stretched (tensile forces)
ligaments
interspinous ligament runs between what structures?
between spinous processes
spinous process to next spinous process
ligaments
intertransverse ligament runs between what structures?
between transverse processes
ligaments
supraspinous processes run between what structures?
superior to inferior spinous processes
(pelvis to C7)
ligaments
the supraspinous ligaments merges with what other ligament?
nuchal ligament
ligaments
the nuchal ligament is a broad strong ligament on the back of the neck that runs from ____________ to ____________?
external occipital protuberance t ocervical spinous porcesses
ligaments
the nuchal ligament helps hold ______ and acts as ________?
head up and acts as attachment site
joints
what osteokinematic motions can occur at OA joint?
flexion, lateral flexion, rotation of head
ligaments
the alar ligament is short, rounded and connects the C2 dens to? as well as attaches cranium to ?
- lateral margins of foramen magnum
- cranium to C1
ligaments
the alar ligament prevents ?
exessive rotation
ligaments
what are the 2 parts of the cruciate ligaments?
- transverse
- superior/inferior longitudinal
ligaments
the transverse cruciate ligament runs L to R of what? and posterior to where?
C1, to the dens
*also known as cruciate ligament of atlas
creates part of atlanto-axial joint
*two bands give it, its name (longitudinal band and transverse band - creates cruciform shape)
ligaments
the superior longitudinal part runs the transverse ligament to?
the anterior foramen magnum
ligaments
the inferior longitudinal runs the transverse ligament to ?
posterior surface of C2
ligaments
what is the role of cruciate ligaments in cervical spine?
holds the dens in articulation for rotation
spinal cord
how long is the average spinal cord in adults?
42-45 cm long
spinal cord
the spinal cord runs from occipital to where?
L1/L2
spinal cord
how much of the vertebral canal does the spinal cord take up?
2/3 of it
spinal cord, head ,meninges
what is purpose of the meninges?
surround/protect/support
spinal cord, head ,meninges
what does the meninges contain specifically by innermost layer?
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
meninges
the dura mater is also known as what?
hard mother
meninges
the arachnoid mater (intermediate layer) is also know as what?
spidery mother
meninges
the pia mater (inner most layer) is also known as what?
tender mother
meninges
what is the dura mater comprised of?
tough fibers with some elastic fibers
meninges
what is the arachnoid mater made of? why is it unique?
delicate membrane with some avascular and elastic fibers.
- unique due to looking like a spider web and not being attached to the dura
meninges
what does the pia mater directly cover ?
spinal n roots and vessels
menginges
what does the pia mater continue into?
filum terminal inferior to conus medullas
meninges
where is the CSF located in the meninges?
space between pia and arachnoid only during life
vertebral canal
conus medullaris is the tapering of?
spinal cord higher at T12 and Low at L3
vertebral canal
where is the cauda equina located? what is it?
located below conus medullaris
- is a bundle of dorsal/ventral nerve roots going toward lower limb
arteries
what arteries supply the serratus posterior superior/inferior?
intercostal arteries 2-5
intercostal artereis 9-12
arteries
what ateries supply the erector spinae muscles?
2 are the same 1 is different
spinal and longissimus - lateral sacral arteries
iliocostalis - intercostal arteries and lumbar arteries
nerves
the erector spinae muscle are innervated by ?
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
nerves
the serratus posterior superior and inferior is innervated by?
ventral rami of spinal nerves (intercostal nerves)
where are uncovertebral joints found?
cervical region only
what is a mamillary process? where is it found?
muscle attachment site (multifidus m.), found in lumbar spine
label
What is the conus medullaris?
tapering of spinal cord
the back
label
intrinsic muscles of the back
what is the superficial layer comprised of?
splenius cervicis and capitis mm.
bilaterally and unilaterally what is the action of splenius cervicis and capitis?
bilaterally: extend head and neck
unilaterally: flex the neck, rotation of head
intrinsic back muscles
What is comprised of the intermediate layer of intrnsic back muscles?
L to M ( I LOVE STRETCHING)
erector spinae mm.
iliocostalis m (lumborum, thoracis, cervicis)
longissimus . ( thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
spinalis m (thoracic, cervicis, capitis)
known as the long muscles of the back
intrinsic back muscles
what are the muscles of the deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles
sometimes described as having two layers due to major/minor muscles
transversospinalis mm
deep layer (minors): interspinales m, intertransversarii m, levator castarum m
deep layer (majors): semispinalis m, multifidus m, rotatores (longus and brevis)
intrinsic back muscles
where is it easist to observe the mutifidus m?
lumbar region
T1-T3 transverse processes, C4-C7 articular processes, sacrum and pelvis –> spinous processes
intrinstic back muscles
where is it easiest to observe rotatores longus and brevis?
thoracic region
sub occipital triangle
what are the borders of the sub occipital triangle?
superomedial:
superolateral:
inferolateral:
floor:
roof:
SM: rectus capitis posterior major m
SL: obliquus capitis superior m
IL: obliquus capitis inferior m
floor: atlanto-occipital membrane, C1
roof: semispinalis capitis m, and laterally there is the longissimus capitis
sub occipital triangle
what are the contents of the sub occipital triangle
- 3rd part of vertebral artery
- dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve (suboccipital nerve)
- suboccipital plexus of veins
what are the suboccipital muscles?
*draw your picture if you need to! (3 lines)
- rectus capitis posterior major
- rectus capitis posterior minor
- obliquus capitis superior
- obliquus capitis inferior
also label the other parts as well (what type of vertebrae is this)
B
what are the nerves that innervate the suboccipital muscles?
Suboccipital Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C1 Runs between cranium and C1 vertebra to reach suboccipital triangle Muscles of suboccipital triangle
Greater occipital Posterior ramus of spinal nerve C2 Emerges inferior to obliquus capitis inferior and ascends to posterior scalp Skin over the neck and occipital bone
Lesser occipital Anterior rami of spinal nerves C2–C3 Passes directly to skin Skin of superior posterolateral neck and scalp posterior to external ear
Posterior rami, nerves C3–C7 Posterior rami of spinal nerves C3–C7 Pass segmentally to muscles and skin Intrinsic muscles of back and overlying skin (adjacent to vertebral column)
