gait Flashcards

homework - exam 2

1
Q

What percentage of the gait cycle is stance and swing for one limb?

A

62.5% stance, 37.5% swing

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2
Q

What is the percentage of double support and single support when combining both limbs?

A

25% double support, 75% single support

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3
Q

During walking, how is body weight distributed on the foot?

A

Curved path from heel to big toe

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4
Q

What is the role of the big toe (hallux) in human locomotion?

A

Toe off occurs mainly from the big toe, which straightens the support path

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5
Q

What feature of the calcaneus contributes to its ability to absorb load?

A

Robust structure

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6
Q

What anatomical feature allows the human foot to act as a lever?

A

Well-defined longitudinal arch

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7
Q

What muscle is critical for efficient toe-off?

A

Flexor hallucis longus

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8
Q

What do the two sesamoid bones at the base of the big toe do?

A

Prop up the base of the big toe, preventing tendon compression

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9
Q

What are the components of the plantar muscles in the 3rd layer?

A
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • Adductor hallucis (transverse head)
  • Adductor hallucis (oblique head)
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
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10
Q

What role does the calcaneus play in the foot’s structure?

A

Hollowing out creates a ‘shelf’ for talus support

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11
Q

What is the ‘ballistic’ model of walking?

A

Walking modeled as an inverted pendulum

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12
Q

What factors contribute to the efficiency of human walking?

A

Use of gravity, pendulum motion, and limb rotation

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13
Q

What smooths out the walking motion despite the pendulum model?

A

Hips rotate around a vertical axis

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14
Q

What are the primary roles of lower limb muscles during gait?

A
  • Provide forward and upward thrust just before toe-off (plantarflexors)
  • Prevent lateral collapse during single-limb support (gluteal abductors)
  • Smooth transitions and prevent joint buckling (hamstrings, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, dorsiflexors)
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15
Q

What is the function of hamstrings during gait?

A

Decelerate limb and stabilize knee at heel strike

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16
Q

What is the role of quadriceps at heel strike?

A

Stabilize knee

17
Q

What do dorsiflexors do at heel strike?

A

Decelerate the front of the foot

18
Q

What is ‘high steppage’ gait?

A

Compensation for impaired dorsiflexors by flexing the knee greatly

19
Q

What is the function of the gluteus maximus during gait?

A

Decelerate limb and stabilize trunk at heel strike

20
Q

What pathology is associated with dysfunction of the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteus maximus limp

21
Q

What do gluteal abductors prevent during gait?

A

Excess pelvic tilt

22
Q

What occurs when gluteal abductors are impaired?

A

Pelvic slump over unsupported side (gluteus medius limp)

23
Q

What is the role of intrinsic foot muscles just before toe-off?

A

Convert foot into a rigid lever

24
Q

How do tendons function in the lower limb?

A

Act as springs that store elastic energy

25
Q

What tendons in the lower limb can store energy like a spring?

A
  • Quadriceps tendon
  • Patellar ligament
  • Achilles tendon