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Anatomy 2 > posterior thigh and hip joint - start of exam 2 > Flashcards

posterior thigh and hip joint - start of exam 2 Flashcards

OBJECTIVES: - describe boney landmarks of tibia and fibula - Describe the surface anatomy of the posterior thigh - Identify the muscles of the posterior thigh - Name the movements of the posterior thigh - Name the nerves innervating the posterior thigh & describe their path - Name the origins and insertions of the posterior thigh - Identify and describe the arteries of the posterior thigh - Define the boundaries and contents of the popliteal fossa - Identify the deep muscles of the popliteal fo

1
Q

osteology

A
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2
Q

grossly what motions does the posterior thigh muscles do?

A

flexors of the knee extensors of the hip

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3
Q

O,I, INN grossly of posterior thigh muscles

A

orignates on ischial tuberosity
insert of tibia or fibula
innervated by divdisions of sciatic n.

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4
Q

What are the hamstring muscle names? which muscle is the outlier?

A

semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m., biceps femoris m. (long head)

outlier: biceps femoris m. (short head)

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20
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21
Q

Which muscles are the flexors acting at the hip joint?

9

A
  • iliopsoas
  • sartorius
  • tensor fasciae latae
  • rectus femoris (tendon)
  • pectineus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor magnus -anterior part
  • gracilis
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22
Q

adductors muscles acting at hip joint

A
  • pectineus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor revis
  • adductor magnus
  • obturator externus
  • gracilis
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23
Q

lateral rotator muscles acting at hip joint

6 of them (think posterior lateral side)

A
  • obturator externus /internus
  • piriformis
  • gemelli
  • quadratus femoris
  • gluteus maximus
  • gluteus medius and minimus
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24
Q

extensor muscles acting at hip joint

A
  • gluteus maximus
  • hamstrings:
    -semitendinosus
    semimembranosus
    long head, biceps femoris
    adductor magnus- hamstring part
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25
Q

abductor muscles acting at hip joint

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae

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26
Q

medial rotator muscles acting at hip joint

A
  • glutues medius anterior part
  • gluteus minimus anterior part
  • TFL
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27
Q

what are the 3 hamstring muscles? where do they originate?

A

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, bicceps femoris (long head)
all originating from ischial tuberosity

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28
Q

what is the “screw-home mechanism” of the knee?

A
  • in full extension, the femur rotates medially about 10° to lock. the knee in place, allowing less muscle activation during standing
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29
Q

waht are the actions of the hamstring muscles?

A

hip extension
knee flexion
rotation (medial by ST and SM) (lateral by biceps femoris)

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30
Q

what is pes anserinus? what is its function?

A

a conjoint tendon of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus muscle sthat stabilizes the medial knee

has 1 muscle from each component

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31
Q

what structures are found within the popliteal fossa?

A
  • small saphenous vein
  • popliteal artery and vein
  • tibial and comomn fibular nerves
  • posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
  • popliteal lymph nodes
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32
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus muscle?

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: tibia (medial surface)

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33
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the smimembranosus muscle?

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle of the tibia and blends into the joint capsule of knee

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34
Q

O and I of biceps femoris long head?

A

O: ishcial tuberosity
I: head of the fibula (lateral side)

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35
Q

what is the O and I of biceps femorsi short head?

A

O: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
I: head of fibula (lateral side)

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36
Q

O and I of plantaris muscle?

A

O: lateral supracondular line of the femur and oblique popliteal igament
I: posterior surface of the calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon

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37
Q

what is the function of the soleal line on the tibia?

A

serves as the origin for the soleus muscle

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38
Q

name the components ofthe pes anserinus

A

sarorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

39
Q

what is the function of the medial malleolus of the tibia?

A

it articulates with the talus as part of the ankle joint

40
Q

what are the ossification centers of the tibia? when do they appear?

A
  • diaphysis 7-8 weeks in utero
  • proximal epiphysis 36 weeks in utero-2 months postnatal
  • distal epiphysis 3-10 months postnatal
41
Q

waht is the origin and insertion of the popliteus muscle?

A

O: lateral condyle of thefemur and lateral meniscus
I: posteiror surface of the tibia, superior to the soleal line

42
Q

waht is the role of the anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments?

A

they reinforce the inferior tibiofibular joint and are critical for ankle stability

43
Q

name the ligaments of the knee joint

A

-anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

44
Q

what nerve innervates the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?

A

tibial divison of the sciatic nerve

45
Q

what nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris?

A

common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

46
Q

when is fusion of the tibia complete?

A

20 years old - typically younger in females

47
Q

what are the 3 layers of fascia?

A
  • subcutaneous fascia
  • fascia lata (intermediate)
  • crural fascia (deep)
48
Q

which muscle is not apart of hmastring muscle? why?

A

biceps femoris short head - different origin and different innervation

49
Q

how many joints do the hamstring muscles cross?

A

2 - cross the hip (from their origin on the ischium) and insert pasat the knee

50
Q

which muscle is the lateral hamstring ? and is involved in what?

A

biceps femoris m. long head
- extension of hip

51
Q

distally what 3 portions does the semimembranosus divide into?

A

tibia (medial condyle)
popliteal fossa (blends in)
joint capsule of knee (reinforces it; part of the oblique popliteal ligament)

52
Q

the femoral nerve praces off what plexus?

A

lumbar plexus (L2-4)

53
Q

tibial division turns into tibial nerve.
what muscles are innervated by tibial n

A

proximal to distal:
adductor magnus (L4)
semitendinous (L5-S2)
semimembranous (L5-S2)

54
Q

what are the superficial boards of the popliteal fossa?

A

superolateral: biceps femoris m.
superomedial: semimembranosus, semitendinosus
inferolateral: lateral head of gastrocneumus m.
inferiomedial: medial head of gastroc.
roof: skin and popliteal fascia

55
Q

what are the deep borders of popliteal fossa?

A

superior: lateral and medial condyles of femus
inferior: soleal line of tibia
anterior: popliteal surface of femur
posterior: joint capsule of knee

56
Q

traveling structures of popliteal fossa

sciatic n. splits superiorly into –>

A

tibial n and common fibular n

57
Q

the tibial nerve is superficial compared to what structures?

A

tibial V and A of popliteal fossa

nerve is still deep and protected

58
Q

where do branches of the tibial nerve innervate?

A

-triceps surae (gastroc, soleus)
- plantaris
- popliteus mm
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallicus longus

59
Q

the popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries at what point?

A

inferior border of the popliteal fossa

60
Q

what are the branches of the popliteal artery that supply the knee joint?

A
  • superior lateral genicular a.
  • superior medial genicular a.
  • middle genicular a.
  • inferior lateral genicular a.
  • inferior medial genicular a.
61
Q

what forms the sural nerve?

A

branches of the tibial nerve (meidal portion) and common fibular nerve (lateral portion)

62
Q

main action of gastrocnemius muscle?

A

plantarflexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee joint

63
Q

what is the primary function of the tibial plateaus?

A

articulate with the femoral condyles and provide sites for fibrocartilage and menisci attachment

64
Q

what is the action of the popliteus muscle?

A

unlocks the knee by medially rotating the tibia on the femur

  • helps unlock extended knee (rotator)
65
Q

what is the significance of the adductor hiatus?

A

marks the transition of the femoral artery into the popliteal rtery

66
Q

what is the action of the hamstring muscles during walking?

A

flex the knee and extend the hip

67
Q

during rotation of the knee what can be recruited?

A

hamstrings

68
Q

what are the 2 dividison of the sciatic nerve, where do they branch?

A

tibial nerve (medial)
common fibular nerve (lateral)
branch at the knee

69
Q

what are the main muscles of the supserficial posterior compartment of the leg?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
palntaris

70
Q

what structures pass through the saphenous opoening of the fascia lata?

A

the great saphenous vein and lymphatic vessels

71
Q

how do the medial and lateral femoral condyles differ?

A

the medial condyle is longer and involved in the screw home mechanism during knee extension

72
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the sartorius muscle?

A

ASIS
medial surface of the tibia (part of pes anserinus)

73
Q

waht is the role of the IT band in knee stability?

A

stabilizes the lateral knee during extension in coordination with the gluteus maximus muscle

74
Q

what ligament is often involved in preventing over-abduction of the hip joint?

A

pubofemoral ligament

75
Q

what is the primary structural role of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

76
Q

what are teh boundaries of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

bordred by medial and lateral intermuscular septa and fascia lata

77
Q

waht muscletendon is commonly used for ACL autografts?

A

semitendinosus tendon

78
Q

waht is the significance of the acetabular notch in the hip joint?

A

allows the passage of blood vessels and ligaments, including the ligament of the head of the femur

79
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic ligaments of the hip joint capsule?

A

hold the femoral head in the acetabulum, becoming tense to secure it and loosening to allow movemeent

80
Q

where does teh iliofemoral ligament attach?

A

stretches from the AIIS and the acetabulr rim to the intertrochanteric line of the femur

81
Q

what is the primary function of the iliofemoral ligament?

A

prevents hyperextension of the hip and limits some lateral rotation

82
Q

what ligament is also called “Y” ligament?

A

iliofemoral

83
Q

where does the pubofemoral ligament attach?

A

spans from obturator crest to the joint capsule, blending with the iliofemoral ligament

84
Q

what is unique about the ischiofemoral ligament compared to the other hip joint ligaments?

A

weakest of the hip joint ligaments

85
Q

where does teh ischiofemoral ligament attach?

A

runs from the ischial portion of the acetabular rim to the greater trochanter of the femur

86
Q

what is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

prevents hyperextension of the hip and limits some medial rotation

87
Q

waht is the purpose of the transverse acetabular ligament?

A

spans the acetabular notch, forming a compmlete rim around the acetabulum and allowing the passage of blood vessels

88
Q

what is the ligament of the head of the femur? what does it do?

A

also called ligamentum teres, it is synovial sstructure taht allows the artery ofthe femoral headto pass through, supporting blood supply to the femur

89
Q

how do the hip joint ligaments respond during hip flexion?

A

fibers unwind and become less taut, allowing greater movement

90
Q

how do the hip joint ligaments respond during hip extension?

A

fibers tighten to hold the femoral head securely in the acetabulum, preventing hyperextension

91
Q

how do the hip joint ligametns contribute to standing posture?

A

becoming taut duringhip extension they “ lock” the femoral head into the acetabulum, reducing msucle activity required to maintain upright position

*screw home mechanism

92
Q

what is the function of the fovea capitis and its assocaited ligament?

A

the fovea capitis serves as an attachment point for the ligament of the head ofthe femur, which carries blood supply to the femoral head

93
Q

how does the transvers acetabular ligament interact with the acetabular notch?

A

bridges the notch, completing the rim of the acetabulum and supporting the hip joints structural integrity

Anatomy 2 (16 decks)

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