leg Flashcards

exam 2

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the sole/plantar region of the foot?

A

The bottom surface of the foot

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3
Q

What does the dorsum/dorsal region refer to?

A

The top surface of the foot

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4
Q

What is the heel region of the foot?

A

The area superficial to the calcaneus

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5
Q

What is the ball of the foot?

A

The area superficial to the medial metatarsals (MTs)

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6
Q

What is the big toe also known as?

A

Hallux (or digit 1)

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7
Q

What is the sinus tarsi?

A

A hollow of the foot, a tunnel or tube between the talus and calcaneus

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8
Q

What syndrome is characterized by lateral hindfoot pain and swelling?

A

Often results from too much standing or traumatic injury

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9
Q

What bones are included in the hindfoot?

A

Calcaneus and Talus

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10
Q

What bones are included in the midfoot?

A

Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms

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11
Q

What bones are included in the forefoot?

A

Metatarsals (MTs) and Phalanges

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12
Q

How many phalanges are found in the foot?

A

14, not 15

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13
Q

What are the special tarsals of the foot?

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (1-3)

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14
Q

What is the calcaneus also known as?

A

The heel bone

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the talus?

A

Participates in the ankle joint

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16
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Flexion of the ankle joint, e.g., walking on an incline

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17
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Pushing toes toward the ground, e.g., tippy toes

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18
Q

What is inversion of the foot?

A

Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane

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19
Q

What is eversion of the foot?

A

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane

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20
Q

How many compartments are in the leg?

A

3 compartments: Anterior, Lateral, Posterior

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21
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Deep fibular nerve

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22
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral leg compartment?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

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23
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior leg compartment?

A

Tibial nerve

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24
Q

What muscles are included in the anterior leg?

A

Dorsiflexors of ankle, Extensors of digits (toes)

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25
Q

What is the origin of the tibialis anterior muscle?

A

Tibia (lateral condyle, superior-lateral surface) & Interosseous membrane

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26
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

A

Extension of digits 2-5, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint

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27
Q

What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?

A

Fibula (head, superior surface)

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28
Q

What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Plantar flexion of ankle joint (when knee extended)

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29
Q

What is the function of the tibialis posterior muscle?

A

Plantarflexion of ankle joint, Inversion of foot, Arch support

30
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?

A

S2, S3

31
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior leg?

A

Tibial nerve

32
Q

What are the branches of the femoral artery?

A

Popliteal artery

33
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment

34
Q

What does the dorsalis pedis artery branch into?

A

Plantar and arcuate arteries

35
Q

What is the path of the common fibular nerve?

A

Moves distally, medial to Biceps femoris muscle

36
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

Lateral leg compartment

37
Q

What is the function of the deep fibular nerve?

A

Innervates anterior leg compartment

38
Q

What is the landmark for the tibial nerve?

A

Popliteal fossa

39
Q

What is the relationship of muscle tendons in relation to the medial malleolus?

A

Tom, Dick, Harry (Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus)

40
Q

True or False: The sural nerve receives branches from both the Tibial and Common fibular nerves.

A

True

41
Q

midfoot

A
  • Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms
42
Q

forefoot

A
  • MTs & Phalanges
43
Q

tarsals

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Cuneiform (1-3) -> medial to lateral
  • Medial, Intermediate, Lateral
44
Q

calcaneous

A
  • Aka Heel bone
  • Makes contact with ground
  • Sturdy
  • Extensive roughened posterior surface for calcaneal tendon (calcaneal tuberosity)
  • Articulates with talus (multiple facets, especially sustentaculum tali for head) and cuboid
45
Q

talus

A
  • Aka turtle
  • Participates in ankle joint
  • Body, neck, head
  • Large, smooth/rounded superior surface for movement (trochlea)
  • Articulates with calcaneus, navicular and tibia
  • No muscular or tendinous attachment here!
46
Q

full inversion is also ?

A

plantarflexed

47
Q

full eversion is also?

A

dorsiflexed

48
Q

the anterior (dorsiflexors and extensors) are innervated by what nerve?

A

deep fibular n.

49
Q

lateral (Evertors) are innervated by?

A

superficial fibular n.

50
Q

posterior (plantarflexors)

A

2 layers (superficial and deep)
innervated by tibial n

51
Q

the 3 leg compartments are separated by?

A

septa and interosseous membrane

52
Q

dorsiflexors of ankle, extensors of digits (toes)
originate
insert
innervated

A
  • Originate on tibia and/or fibula
  • Insert on tarsal and/or metatarsal (MT)
  • Innervated by Deep fibular n.
53
Q

tibialis anterior m.

origin:
insertion:
nerve:
action:

A
  • Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle, superior-lateral surface) & Interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Medial Cuneiform & MT1 (base)
  • Nerve: L4-5
  • Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle joint, Inversion of subtalar joint
54
Q

extensor digitourm longus m.
O, I, N, A

A
  • Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle), Fibula (medial surface) & Interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Middle & distal phalanges of digits 2-5
  • Nerve: L5, S1
  • Action: Extension of digits 2-5, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint
55
Q

extensor hallucus longus m.
O, I,N,A

A
  • Origin: Fibula (anterior surface) & Interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Distal phalanx (base) of hallux
  • Nerve: L5, S1
  • Action: Extension of hallux, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint
56
Q

fibularis tertius m.
O,I,N,A

A
  • Origin: Fibula (anterior surface) & Interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: MT5 (base)
  • Nerve: L5, S1
  • Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle joint, Eversion of subtalar joint
  • Note: Individual variation – missing in some people
57
Q

lateral leg

evertors of the foot
O,I,INN

A
  • Originate on fibula
  • Insert on tarsal and/or metatarsal (MT)
  • Innervated by Superficial fibular n.
58
Q

lateral leg

fibularis longus m

O, I, INN, A

A
  • Origin: Fibula (head, superior surface)
  • Insertion: MT1 (base) & Medial cuneiform
    Shared Innervation: Superficial fibular n. (L5, S1-2)
  • Shared Action: Eversion of subtalar joint, Plantarflexion of ankle joint (weakly)
59
Q

lateral leg

fibularis brevis m.
O, I, INN, A

A
  • Origin: Fibula (inferior surface)
  • Insertion: MT5 (Dorsal surface of tuberosity)
  • Shared Innervation: Superficial fibular n. (L5, S1-2)
  • Shared Action: Eversion of subtalar joint, Plantarflexion of ankle joint (weakly)
60
Q

posterior leg

plantar flexors of the ankle
innervation?
superficial layer is comprised of?
deep layer is comprised of?

A
  • Plantar flexors of the ankle
  • Innervated by Tibial n.
  • Superficial layer (triceps surae):
  • Insert on calcaneus
  • Gastrocnemius m., Soleus m., Plantaris m.
  • Deep layer:
  • Popliteus m., Tibialis posterior m., Flexor digitorum longus m., & Flexor hallucis longus m.
61
Q

posterior leg

superficial layer- thick very visible calf.
generates most of?

A

plantar flexion force

62
Q

posterior leg

gastrocnemius m
O,I, A,INN

A
  • Origin for lateral head: Femur (lateral condyle); for medial condyle: Femur (medial condyle & popliteal surface)
  • Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint (when knee extended), Raises heel during walking, Flexion of knee joint
  • More active during contraction (think jumping)
  • Most superficial muscle in compartment -> easy to see
  • Shared Innervation: Tibial n. (S1, S2)
  • Shared Insertion: Calcaneus (Posterior) via calcaneal tendon

shared with soleus

63
Q

posterior leg

the gastrocnemius m. crsoses how many joints?

A

2 (knee and ankle)

64
Q

posterior leg

soleus m. O,I, A, INN,

A
  • Origin: Fibula (Posterior head, Superior-posterior surface), Tibia (soleal line, medial surface), tendinous arch
  • Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint (independent of knee position), Stabilization of ankle joint
  • Consistently active (think standing)
  • Broad, flat
  • Shared Innervation: Tibial n. (S1, S2)
  • Shared Insertion: Calcaneus (Posterior) via calcaneal tendon
65
Q

tibial n.
landmark, path, innervation

A
  • Innervates posterior leg
  • Landmark: Popliteal fossa
  • Path: moves distally (on Popliteus m. then Tibialis posterior m. w/ tibial vessels), ends at flexor retinaculum, becomes medial/lateral plantar nn.
66
Q

common fibular n.

innervation, landmark, path (superficial fibular, deep fibular)

A
  • Landmark: Popliteal fossa
  • Path: moves distally (medial to Biceps femoris m.), pass Fibula (head, posterior), winds around Fibular (neck)
  • Superficial fibular n.
  • Innervates lateral leg
  • Landmark: between Fibularis longus m. & Fibula (neck)
  • Path: moves distally; becomes cutaneous
  • Deep fibular n.
  • Innervates anterior leg
  • Landmark: between Fibularis longus m. & Fibula (neck)
  • Path: goes through Extensor digitorum longus m., moves distally along interosseous membrane, crosses tibia, ends in dorsal surface of foot
67
Q

sural n. receives branches from what 2 nerves?

A

receives branches from both tibial and common fibular nn.

68
Q

arteries

femoral a. –> popliteal a.
landmark, ends, divids into, bracnhes include

A
  • Landmark: adductor hiatus
  • Ends: inferior to Popliteus m.
  • Divides into: Anterior/posterior Tibial aa.
  • Branches include genicular aa.
69
Q

arteries

anterior tibial a.
path, supplies?

A
  • Path: between Tibia & Fibula (anterior compartment; through interosseous membrane), moves distally (between Tibialis anterior & Extensor digitorum longus mm.)
  • Supplies: Anterior compartment
70
Q

arteries

dorsal pedis a.

anterior tibial a. –> dorsalis pedis a.

landmark, path, divides

A
  • Landmark: Distal to extensor retinaculum
  • Path: moves distally to interosseous space
  • Divides into: plantar & arcuate aa.
  • Note: branches have to pass between tendons on dorsum
71
Q

arteries

posterior tibial a.
path, divide into, supplies

A
  • Path: (posterior compartment), moves distally, ends at flexor retinaculum
  • Divides into: medial/lateral plantar aa.
  • Supplies: Posterior & lateral compartments
72
Q

arteries

posterior tibial a. –> fiular a.

path, supplies

A
  • Path: moves distally (posterior compartment) along intermuscular septum
  • Supplies: Posterior compartment; some lateral compartment