leg Flashcards
exam 2
What is the sole/plantar region of the foot?
The bottom surface of the foot
What does the dorsum/dorsal region refer to?
The top surface of the foot
What is the heel region of the foot?
The area superficial to the calcaneus
What is the ball of the foot?
The area superficial to the medial metatarsals (MTs)
What is the big toe also known as?
Hallux (or digit 1)
What is the sinus tarsi?
A hollow of the foot, a tunnel or tube between the talus and calcaneus
What syndrome is characterized by lateral hindfoot pain and swelling?
Often results from too much standing or traumatic injury
What bones are included in the hindfoot?
Calcaneus and Talus
What bones are included in the midfoot?
Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms
What bones are included in the forefoot?
Metatarsals (MTs) and Phalanges
How many phalanges are found in the foot?
14, not 15
What are the special tarsals of the foot?
Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (1-3)
What is the calcaneus also known as?
The heel bone
What is the primary function of the talus?
Participates in the ankle joint
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexion of the ankle joint, e.g., walking on an incline
What is plantarflexion?
Pushing toes toward the ground, e.g., tippy toes
What is inversion of the foot?
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane
What is eversion of the foot?
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane
How many compartments are in the leg?
3 compartments: Anterior, Lateral, Posterior
What is the innervation of the anterior leg compartment?
Deep fibular nerve
What is the innervation of the lateral leg compartment?
Superficial fibular nerve
What is the innervation of the posterior leg compartment?
Tibial nerve
What muscles are included in the anterior leg?
Dorsiflexors of ankle, Extensors of digits (toes)
What is the origin of the tibialis anterior muscle?
Tibia (lateral condyle, superior-lateral surface) & Interosseous membrane
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?
Extension of digits 2-5, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint
What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?
Fibula (head, superior surface)
What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
Plantar flexion of ankle joint (when knee extended)
What is the function of the tibialis posterior muscle?
Plantarflexion of ankle joint, Inversion of foot, Arch support
What is the innervation of the flexor hallucis longus muscle?
S2, S3 tibial nerve
What nerve innervates the posterior leg?
Tibial nerve
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Popliteal artery
What does the anterior tibial artery supply?
Anterior compartment
What does the dorsalis pedis artery branch into?
Plantar and arcuate arteries
What is the path of the common fibular nerve?
Moves distally, medial to Biceps femoris muscle
What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
Lateral leg compartment
What is the function of the deep fibular nerve?
Innervates anterior leg compartment
What is the landmark for the tibial nerve?
Popliteal fossa
What is the relationship of muscle tendons in relation to the medial malleolus?
Tom, Dick, Harry (Tibialis posterior, flexor Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus)
True or False: The sural nerve receives branches from both the Tibial and Common fibular nerves.
True
midfoot
- Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms
forefoot
- MTs & Phalanges
tarsals
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiform (1-3) -> medial to lateral
- Medial, Intermediate, Lateral
calcaneous
- Aka Heel bone
- Makes contact with ground
- Sturdy
- Extensive roughened posterior surface for calcaneal tendon (calcaneal tuberosity)
- Articulates with talus (multiple facets, especially sustentaculum tali for head) and cuboid
talus
- Aka turtle
- Participates in ankle joint
- Body, neck, head
- Large, smooth/rounded superior surface for movement (trochlea)
- Articulates with calcaneus, navicular and tibia
- No muscular or tendinous attachment here!
full inversion is also ?
plantarflexed
full eversion is also?
dorsiflexed
the anterior (dorsiflexors and extensors) are innervated by what nerve?
deep fibular n.
lateral (Evertors) are innervated by?
superficial fibular n.
posterior (plantarflexors)
2 layers (superficial and deep)
innervated by tibial n
the 3 leg compartments are separated by?
septa and interosseous membrane
dorsiflexors of ankle, extensors of digits (toes)
originate
insert
innervated
- Originate on tibia and/or fibula
- Insert on tarsal and/or metatarsal (MT)
- Innervated by Deep fibular n.
tibialis anterior m.
origin:
insertion:
nerve:
action:
- Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle, superior-lateral surface) & Interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Medial Cuneiform & MT1 (base)
- Nerve: L4-5
- Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle joint, Inversion of subtalar joint
extensor digitourm longus m.
O, I, N, A
- Origin: Tibia (lateral condyle), Fibula (medial surface) & Interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Middle & distal phalanges of digits 2-5
- Nerve: L5, S1
- Action: Extension of digits 2-5, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint
extensor hallucus longus m.
O, I,N,A
- Origin: Fibula (anterior surface) & Interosseous membrane
- Insertion: Distal phalanx (base) of hallux
- Nerve: L5, S1
- Action: Extension of hallux, Dorsiflexion of ankle joint
fibularis tertius m.
O,I,N,A
- Origin: Fibula (anterior surface) & Interosseous membrane
- Insertion: MT5 (base)
- Nerve: L5, S1
- Action: Dorsiflexion of ankle joint, Eversion of subtalar joint
- Note: Individual variation – missing in some people
lateral leg
evertors of the foot
O,I,INN
- Originate on fibula
- Insert on tarsal and/or metatarsal (MT)
- Innervated by Superficial fibular n.
lateral leg
fibularis longus m
O, I, INN, A
- Origin: Fibula (head, superior surface)
- Insertion: MT1 (base) & Medial cuneiform
Shared Innervation: Superficial fibular n. (L5, S1-2) - Shared Action: Eversion of subtalar joint, Plantarflexion of ankle joint (weakly)
lateral leg
fibularis brevis m.
O, I, INN, A
- Origin: Fibula (inferior surface)
- Insertion: MT5 (Dorsal surface of tuberosity)
- Shared Innervation: Superficial fibular n. (L5, S1-2)
- Shared Action: Eversion of subtalar joint, Plantarflexion of ankle joint (weakly)
posterior leg
plantar flexors of the ankle
innervation?
superficial layer is comprised of?
deep layer is comprised of?
- Plantar flexors of the ankle
- Innervated by Tibial n.
- Superficial layer (triceps surae):
- Insert on calcaneus
- Gastrocnemius m., Soleus m., Plantaris m.
- Deep layer:
- Popliteus m., Tibialis posterior m., Flexor digitorum longus m., & Flexor hallucis longus m.
posterior leg
superficial layer- thick very visible calf.
generates most of?
plantar flexion force
posterior leg
gastrocnemius m
O,I, A,INN
- Origin for lateral head: Femur (lateral condyle); for medial condyle: Femur (medial condyle & popliteal surface)
- Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint (when knee extended), Raises heel during walking, Flexion of knee joint
- More active during contraction (think jumping)
- Most superficial muscle in compartment -> easy to see
- Shared Innervation: Tibial n. (S1, S2)
- Shared Insertion: Calcaneus (Posterior) via calcaneal tendon
shared with soleus
posterior leg
the gastrocnemius m. crsoses how many joints?
2 (knee and ankle)
posterior leg
soleus m. O,I, A, INN,
- Origin: Fibula (Posterior head, Superior-posterior surface), Tibia (soleal line, medial surface), tendinous arch
- Action: Plantar flexion of ankle joint (independent of knee position), Stabilization of ankle joint
- Consistently active (think standing)
- Broad, flat
- Shared Innervation: Tibial n. (S1, S2)
- Shared Insertion: Calcaneus (Posterior) via calcaneal tendon
tibial n.
landmark, path, innervation
- Innervates posterior leg
- Landmark: Popliteal fossa
- Path: moves distally (on Popliteus m. then Tibialis posterior m. w/ tibial vessels), ends at flexor retinaculum, becomes medial/lateral plantar nn.
common fibular n.
innervation, landmark, path (superficial fibular, deep fibular)
- Landmark: Popliteal fossa
- Path: moves distally (medial to Biceps femoris m.), pass Fibula (head, posterior), winds around Fibular (neck)
- Superficial fibular n.
- Innervates lateral leg
- Landmark: between Fibularis longus m. & Fibula (neck)
- Path: moves distally; becomes cutaneous
- Deep fibular n.
- Innervates anterior leg
- Landmark: between Fibularis longus m. & Fibula (neck)
- Path: goes through Extensor digitorum longus m., moves distally along interosseous membrane, crosses tibia, ends in dorsal surface of foot
sural n. receives branches from what 2 nerves?
receives branches from both tibial and common fibular nn.
arteries
femoral a. –> popliteal a.
landmark, ends, divids into, bracnhes include
- Landmark: adductor hiatus
- Ends: inferior to Popliteus m.
- Divides into: Anterior/posterior Tibial aa.
- Branches include genicular aa.
arteries
anterior tibial a.
path, supplies?
- Path: between Tibia & Fibula (anterior compartment; through interosseous membrane), moves distally (between Tibialis anterior & Extensor digitorum longus mm.)
- Supplies: Anterior compartment
arteries
dorsal pedis a.
anterior tibial a. –> dorsalis pedis a.
landmark, path, divides
- Landmark: Distal to extensor retinaculum
- Path: moves distally to interosseous space
- Divides into: plantar & arcuate aa.
- Note: branches have to pass between tendons on dorsum
arteries
posterior tibial a.
path, divide into, supplies
- Path: (posterior compartment), moves distally, ends at flexor retinaculum
- Divides into: medial/lateral plantar aa.
- Supplies: Posterior & lateral compartments
arteries
posterior tibial a. –> fiular a.
path, supplies
- Path: moves distally (posterior compartment) along intermuscular septum
- Supplies: Posterior compartment; some lateral compartment
