The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards
What does the somatic/motor nervous system control
Voluntary movement via striated muscles
What type of nervous system is controlled via striated muscles
Somatic/motor nervous system
What does the autonomic nervous system control
Involuntary movement of the heart, digestive system and glands via smooth muscle
What type of nervous system controls involuntary movement via smooth muscles
Autonomic
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic- activates organs- fight or flight
Parasympathetic- relaxes organs- rest and digest
What do the sympathetic nerves do
Activate organs
What do the parasympathetic nerves do
They relax organs
What is the enteric nervous system and what is its function
Third part of the ANS
Controls digestion and gut motility
What nervous system controls digestion and gut motility
Enteric nervous system
What are the three parts of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
Enteric nervous system
What part of the spine does the sympathetic nervous system arise from
T5-L3
Where does the parasympathetic nerves arise from
From the brainstem cranial nerves and sacral region of the spinal cord- S2-S4
What nervous system arises from T5-L3
Sympathetic
What nervous system arises from the brain stem cranial nerves and S2-S4
Parasympathetic nervous system
Where are preganglionic and postganglionic neurones found
In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
What type of neurones make up sympathetic nervous system
Pre and post ganglionic
What type of neurones make up parasympathetic nervous system
Pre and postganglionic
What is the difference between the neurones in the parasympathetic and the sympathetic NS
Sympathetic- preganglionic neurons connect to post close to spinal cord
Parasympathetic- neurones from synapses close to or within target organs
Which nervous system has preganglionic neurons that connect to post close to spinal cord
Sympathetic
Which nervous system has neurones that form synapses close to or within target organs
Parasympathetic
What are sympathetic ganglia
Clusters of cell bodies located outside CNS
Act as relay points for signals that travel from CNS to target organs and tissues
What is the sympathetic chain/trunk
Series of connected sympathetic ganglia that form chain-like structure that runs along both sides of the spinal cord
What neurotransmitter is used by preganglionic neurones in both SNS and PSNS
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic neurones in SNS
Noradrenaline- mostly
Acetylcholine in sweat glands
What neutransmitter is released by postganglionic neurons in PSNS
Acetylcholine
What receptors are activated by acetylcholine
Muscarinic and nicitonic acetylcholine receptors
What neurotransmitter activates muscarinic and nicitonic acetylcholine receptors
acetylcholine
What receptors does noradrenaline activate
Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors
What neurotransmitter activated Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors
Noradrenaline
What are some of the functions of the SNS
Dilates pupil of eye
Inhibits salivary gland production
Relaxes bronchi of lungs
Accelerates heart
Inhibits activity of gall bladder, spleen, stomach and intestines
Inhibits bladder emptying
Inhibits erection of genitalia
What are some functions of the PSNS
Contracts pupil
Stimulates salivary gland secretion
Constricts bronchi
Slows heart
Stimulates gall bladder, spleen, stomach and intestines
Promotes bladder emptying
Promotes erection of genitalia
Does PSNS or SNS relax the bronchi of lungs
SNS
Does PSNS or SNS accelerate the heart
SNS
Does PSNS or SNS slow heart
PSNS
Does PSNS or SNS stimulate salivary gland secretion
PSNS
How does the PSNS and SNS control heart beat
Sympathetic releases noradrenaline- activates SA node- speeds up heart
Para releases acetylcholine- inhibits SA node- slows down heart
They counteract each other to maintain homeostasis
What part of the brain is supplied blood by the internal carotid arteries
Anterior
The anterior aspect of the brain is supplied by what arteries
Internal carotid- split into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
What part of the brain is supplied blood by the vertebral arteries
Posterior
The posterior aspect of the brain is supplied blood by what arteries
Vertebral arteries
Basal artery
Posterior cerebral arteries
Name the lobes that the anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to
Frontal and superior medial parietal lobes
What arteries supply blood to the frontal and superior medial parietal lobes
Anterior cerebral arteries
Name the lobes the middle cerebral arteries supply blood to
Lateral frontal lobe and temporal lobes
What arteries supply blood to the lateral frontal lobe and the temporal lobes
Middle cerebral arteries
What artery supplies blood to the occipital lobe
Posterior cerebral
The posterior cerebral supplies blood to what lobe of the brain
Occipital
Where do the dural venous sinuses lie
Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
What happens in the dural venous sinuses
Pools of blood collect in the dural venous sinuses
Where do the dural venous sinuses drain blood
Into the internal jugular vein
What drains into the dural venous sinuses
Numerous veins
What are some risk factors for stroke
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
High cholesterol and lipid levels
Lack of exercise
Excessive alcohol intake
Heart disease
What are the three different types of stroke
Ischaemic- caused by blocked vessel in brain- eg. Blood clot
Haemorrhagic- leaking or bursting of blood vessel
Transient ischaemic attack- temporary disruption of blood flow to brain
Name some symptoms of a stroke
Drooping of one side of the face- mouth, eye
Inability to lift arms
Weakness/ numbness
Slurred speech
What can a stroke in the frontal lobe cause
Motor impairments
Problem solving and judgment issues
Behavioural changes
Difficulty with speech
A patient comes in with slurred speech, feeling numb and weak in her left arm and is unable to move it much. She smokes and has diabetes. What’s the diagnosis
Stroke in right aspect of the frontal lobe
What can a stroke in the parietal lobe cause- primary and secondary effects
Can affect sensory interpretation
Language and spatial awareness
Secondary effects- alexia- difficulty reading
- agraphia- difficulty writing
-aphasia- difficulty speaking
A patient comes in with a family member. Family member states the other day patient was confused about where they were and weren’t able to talk well and is now struggling to read. What’s the diagnosis?
Stroke in parietal lobe
Lead to aphasia and alexia
What can a stroke in the occipital lobe cause
Central vision loss
Cortical blindness
Visual hallucinations
Patient comes in with family member. Family member states patient has been seeking a figure in the living room recently when no one is there. Patient states shes lost eyesight and can not see well. What’s the diagnosis
Stroke in occipital lobe
