GI Tract

Question 1

What muscles are involved in mastication

Answer 1

Masseter, temporalis and pterygoids

Question 2

Name the 3 salivary glands

Answer 2

Parotid, submandibular and sub-lingual

Question 3

What are the 2 functions of the stomach

Answer 3

Storage
Produce chyme

Question 4

What are the 5 different specialised cells in the stomach

Answer 4

Goblet
Parietal
Chief
D cells
G cells

Question 5

What substance do goblet cells secrete

Answer 5

Mucus

Question 6

What substance do parietal cells secrete

Answer 6

Gastric acid- HCL

Question 7

What substance do chief cells secrete

Answer 7

Pepsinogen

Question 8

What substance do D cells secrete

Answer 8

Somatostatin- inhibits acid secretion

Question 9

What substance do G cells secrete

Answer 9

Gastrin- stimulates acid secretion

Question 10

What cell secretes mucus

Answer 10

Goblet cells

Question 11

What cell secretes HCL

Answer 11

Parietal

Question 12

What cell secretes pepsinogen

Answer 12

Chief

Question 13

What cell secretes somatostatin

Answer 13

D cells

Question 14

What cell secretes gastrin

Answer 14

G cell

Question 15

What does somatostatin do

Answer 15

Inhibits acid secretion

Question 16

What does gastrin do

Answer 16

Stimulates acid secretion

Question 17

What is the first part of the small intestine called

Answer 17

Duodenum

Question 18

What occurs in the duodenum

Answer 18

Water enters to dilute chyme
Digestive enzymes from liver and pancreas enter

Question 19

Where do bicarbonate ions come from

Answer 19

Stored in gallbladder
Released by Liver

Question 20

How is bile delivered to the duodenum

Answer 20

Via biliary tree

Question 21

What cells are present in the liver

Answer 21

Hepatocytes

Question 22

How does the liver receive rich blood from the intestines

Answer 22

Via the portal vein

Question 23

What is the function of the gallbladder

Answer 23

Stores bile
Removes water content from bile- risk of gallstones
Contracts when fat is detected in duodenum

Question 25

What is the second part of the small intestine

Answer 25

Jejunum

Question 26

What is the third part of the small intestine

Answer 26

Ileum

Question 27

What occurs in the jejunum

Answer 27

Nutrient absorption

Question 28

What occurs in the ileum

Answer 28

Water/ electrolyte absorption

Question 29

What occurs in the large intestine

Answer 29

Absorption of water, electrolytes, vitamins and nutrients Fermentation of undigested material Formation and storage of faecal material

Question 30

Where is the appendix located

Answer 30

Attached to caecum Lower right abdomen

Question 31

What is the function of the appendix

Answer 31

May play role in immune function and maintaining gut bacteria Considered vestigial

Question 32

What is appendicitis

Answer 32

Inflammation of appendix

Question 33

Symptoms of appendicitis

Answer 33

Pain Nausea

Question 34

Location of rectum

Answer 34

Final section of long intestine Connects colon to anus

Question 35

Function of rectum

Answer 35

Stores faeces- signals need for defection via stretch receptors

Question 36

How is the opening of the anus controlled

Answer 36

Via internal and external sphincters

Question 37

Which of the anal sphincters is involuntary

Answer 37

Internal

Question 38

Which of the anal sphincters is voluntary

Answer 38

External

Question 39

How is waste eliminated

Answer 39

Rectum and anus coordinate- sphincters contract

Question 40

What is cephalocaudal folding

Answer 40

Cranial region of embryo begins to fold inwards Incorporates part of yolk sac to form foregut

Question 41

What is caudal folding

Answer 41

Caudal region of embryo folds inwards Incoporates remaining yolk sac to form hind gut

Question 42

How is the midgut formed

Answer 42

Middle section of primitive gut tube becomes midgut Remains connected to yolk sac through viteline duct

Question 43

What part of the GI tract does craniocaudal folding in the sagittal plane form

Answer 43

Head and tail ends of gut tube- foregut, midgut and hindgut

Question 44

What part of the GI tract does lateral folding in the transverse plane form

Answer 44

Anterior body walls

Question 45

What does the foregut contain

Answer 45

Lower Oesophagus Stomach 1st part of duodenum First Half of 2nd part of duodenum Liver Pancreas

Question 46

What supplies blood to the foregut

Answer 46

Coeliac trunk

Question 47

What does the midgut contain

Answer 47

Second half of 2nd part of duodenum 3rd and 4th parts of duodenum Jejunum Ileum Caecum Ascending colon 2/3rds of transverse colon

Question 48

What supplies blood to the midgut

Answer 48

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 49

What does the hindgut contain

Answer 49

Last 1/3 of transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Proximal anal canal

Question 50

What supplies blood to the hindgut

Answer 50

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 51

How many branches does the abdominal aorta have

Answer 51

3

Question 52

What are the 3 branches of the abdominal aorta

Answer 52

Coeliac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 53

What is the enteric nervous system

Answer 53

Nervous systems within walls of gut Connects with autonomic system

Question 54

What is the name of the system that lies within the walls of the gut

Answer 54

Enteric nervous system

Question 55

Where does the parasympathetic derive from

Answer 55

Head and tail- cranio-caudal

Question 56

What’s the main nerve in the parasympathetic system

Answer 56

Vagus

Question 57

What sympathetic nerve controls the foregut

Answer 57

Greater splanchnic nerve

Question 58

What sympathetic nerve controls the midgut

Answer 58

Less splanchnic nerve

Question 59

What sympathetic nerve controls the hindgut

Answer 59

Least splanchnic nerve

Question 60

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve originiate from

Answer 60

T5-9

Question 61

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve originiate from

Answer 61

T10-11

Question 62

Where does the least splanchnic nerve originiate from

Answer 62

T12

Question 63

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the GI tract

Answer 63

Fight or flight- no time for digestion Reduces activity by reducing blood flow to gut- vasoconstriction

Question 65

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen from top row to bottom row

Answer 65

Top- right hypochondriac region - epigastric region - left hypochondriac region Middle- right lumbar region - umbilical region - left lumbar region Bottom- right iliac region - hypogastric region - left iliac region

Question 66

What are the names of the horizontal lines that separate the top, middle and bottom rows of the regions of the abdomen

Answer 66

Subcostal line- just below ribcage across 10th rib Transtubercular line- across top of hip bones- iliac tubercules

Question 67

What are the 2 vertical lines that separate the 3 columns of the regions of the abdomen

Answer 67

2 midcavicular lines

Question 68

How is visceral pain caused

Answer 68

Viscera have sensory/ pain receptors located in organ and visceral peritoneum Set off by stretching, perforation or irritation Pain felt in large region- pain is midline and vague

Question 69

How is parietal pain caused

Answer 69

Abdominal cavity lined by parietal peritoneum Irritation of parietal peritoneum causes more specifically located pain- somatic pain

Question 70

What is appendicitis

Answer 70

Inflammation of the appendix

Question 71

Explain how pain is felt due to appendicitis

Answer 71

Appendix enlarges and stretches visceral peritoneum Vague midline pain in umbilical region Increased enlargement appendix touches abdominal wall- parietal peritoneum innervated- pain now felt in right Iliac fossa

Question 72

What are the functions of the liver

Answer 72

Produces bile Excretes bilirubin and cholesterol Synthesises albumin/clotting factors Detoxifies blood Stores glycogen