Anatomy Of Reproduction Flashcards
Definition of fertilisation
Fusion of male and female gametes
Definition of implantation
Attachment of a fertilised egg to wall of uterus
What is an ovum
Female reproductive cell
Formed in the ovary
maturation of the cell released during ovulation
Largest cell in human body
When is the ovum released
During ovulation
What is sperm
Male reproductive cell
Formed in testes
Smallest cell in human body
Where is sperm formed
In the testes
Through what process a re the male and female gametes made
Gametogenisis
What is gametogenisis
Where a diploid germ cell undergoes cell division
Are gametes haploid or diploid
Diploid- have one set of 23 chromosomes
Where does sperm travel through in the male reproductive system to reach the ovum
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Name some sperm adaptations
Tail
Mitochondria
Has osmotic and pH adaptation
How is sperm supported by its environment
There’s physical changes made to the sperm when its in the female reproductive tract- capacitation
Travels with ejaculatory fluid
What does the ejaculate fluid contain
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Alkaline fluid
Clotting factors
What is the purpose of prostaglandins in ejaculate fluid
Protects the sperm
What is the purpose of alkaline fluid in ejaculate fluid
Contrasts the acidity of the female organs
What is the purpose of clotting factors in ejaculate fluid
Aid the survival of sperm
We’re is the ejaculate fluid produced
Seminal vesicle
What is produced in the seminal vesicle
Ejaculate fluid
What does seminal fluid contain
Proteolytic enzymes
Citric acid
Phosphates
Lipids
Zinc
What’s the function of proteolytic enzymes in the seminal fluid
Breaks down clotting factors
Balance between these enzymes and clotting factors
What is the function of the prostate
Releases seminal fluid
Where is seminal fluid formed
In the prostate
What is formed in the bulbourethral gland
Pre ejaculate
Where is pre-ejaculate formed
Bulbourethral gland
What does pre-ejaculate contain
Glycoproteins
Alkaline
Usually doesn’t contain sperm
When analysing semen what 5 things do you assess
Motility
Morphology
Sperm count
PH level
Volume
What’s a form of permanent clinical contraception for men
Cutting the vas deferens
Where does sperm travel through in the female reproductive system to reach the ovum
Enters vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Where is the ovum released from
Ovary into the fallopian tubes
What is the process of the ovum being released into the fallopian tubes called
Ovulation
There is a gap between the ovary and the fallopian tube. What helps the ovum successfully enter the fallopian tube
Fimbrae
What is the function of fimbrae
Help keep ovum within the female reproductive tract
What are the 4 parts of the fallopian tubes- name from closes to ovary
Fimbrae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Where is the most common site of fertilisation
Ampulla- fallopian tube
What is a zygote
A fertilised ovum
Diploid cell- 4 chromosomes
What is a fertilized ovum referred as
A zygote
How is a blastocyst formed
Zygote keeps dividing until its referred to as a blastocyst
What is the stage before implantation
Formation of a blastocyst
How long after ovulation does the blastocyst attach to and invade the endometrium
6-10 days
What occurs 6-10 days after ovulation
Blastocyst attaches to and invades the endometrium
What are the 2 main functions of the placenta
Exchange between mother and fetus
Release of hormones essential for pregnancy maintenance
What are the 3 layers of the endometrium- start with closest to uterine cavity
Functional layer
Basal layer
Myometrium
What arteries supply blood to the endometrium
Spiral arteries
What is the function of spiral arteries
Supply blood to endometrium
What’s the most common site of implantation in the uterus
Superior aspect of the posterior wall of the uterus
What cells determine the limit of invasion of the blastocyst into the endometrium
Decidual cells
What is the function of decidual cells
Limit the extent of invasion of the blastocyst into the endometrium
What is an ectopic pregnancy
Implantation can occur outside the uterus
Lack of decidual cells means potential amount of uncontrolled invasion- medical emergency
Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy
Abdominal pain- can mimic other conditions- UTI or appendicitis
Spotting/ vaginal bleeding
Other signs/ symptoms of early pregnancy
What are the complications that can arise due to ectopic pregnancy
Rupture of fallopian tubes
Haemorrhage
Can be fatal
Future fertility issues
What other problems can there be with implantation
Too shallow- can lead to pre-eclampsia
Too deep- placenta accreta
Too low- placenta praevia
