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MD003 > Cardiac Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the right atrium receive deoxygenated blood from

A

Superior and inferior vena cava
Coronary veins

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2
Q

What kind of blood does the right atrium receive

A

Deoxygenated

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3
Q

What is an auricle

A

A muscular pouch

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4
Q

How many parts does the right atrium have

A

2

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5
Q

What are the two parts of the right atrium

A

Sinus venarum
Atrium proper

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the sinus venarum in the right atrium

A

Has smooth walls
Receives blood from the vena cava

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the atrium proper in the right atrium

A

Rough, muscular walls formed by pectinate muscles

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8
Q

What separates the sinus venarum and the atrium proper in the right atrium

A

Crista terminalis

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9
Q

What is the function of the crista terminalis

A

Muscular ridge that separates the sinus venarum and the atrium proper

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10
Q

What is the structure in the right atrium that has smooth walls and receives blood from the vena cava

A

Sinus venarum

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11
Q

What is the structure in the right atrium that is a rough, muscular wall formed by the pectinate muscles

A

Atrium proper

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12
Q

What kind of blood enters the left atrium

A

Oxygenated

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13
Q

Where does the left atrium receive its blood from

A

The 4 pulmonary veins

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14
Q

What is the interatrial septum

A

Solid muscular wall that separates left and right atria

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15
Q

What is the name of the structure that separates the left and right atria

A

Interatrial septum

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16
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

Small oval shaped depression in the interatrial septum

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17
Q

What is the small oval shaped depression in the interatrial septum called

A

Fossa ovalis

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18
Q

How is the fossa ovalis formed

A

Small remnant of the foramen ovale in the fetal heart

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19
Q

What occurs if the foramen ovale doesn’t close

A

Causes a defect called patent foramen ovale

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20
Q

What is patent foramen ovale

A

Defect caused when the foramen ovale doesn’t close

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21
Q

What is trabeculae carnae

A

Muscular ridges in the ventricles

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22
Q

What are the series of muscular ridges in the ventricles called

A

Trabeculae carnae

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23
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles

A

Connect the ventricle walls to the tricuspid/ bicuspid valve cusps via chorda tendinae

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24
Q

What does the interventricular septum do

A

Separates the two ventricles

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25
What separates the two ventricles
Interventricular septum
26
What are the two parts of the interventricular septum
Superior membranous part Inferior muscular part
27
How many parts does the interventricular septum have
2
28
What are the 4 valves of the heart
Tricuspid Bicuspid Pulmonary semilunar Aortic semilunar
29
How many valves does the heart have
4
30
What are the three parts of the tricuspid valve
Anterior Septal Posterior
31
What are the two parts of the bicuspid valve
Anterior and posterior
32
What is the bicuspid valve supported by
Chordae tendineae
33
Explain how the bicuspid valve is supported
Chordae tendineae attached ti the free edges of the valve cusps which then connect to the papillary muscles
34
Where are the pulmonary semilunar valves located
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
35
How many cusps do semilunar valves have
3
36
What are the 3 different parts of the pulmonary semilunar valve
Left, right and anterior
37
Where is the aortic semilunar valve located
Between left ventricle and aorta
38
What are the 3 parts of the aortic semilunar valve
Right, left and posterior
39
What is stenosis
Valves doesn’t open properly
40
What is regurgitation
Valves dont close properly
41
What are the 3 common causes of stenosis
Increasing age Congenital defect Rheumatic fever
42
What ae the 3 common causes of regurgitation
Endocarditis Post myocardial infarction Rheumatic fever
43
Describe the structure of pericardium
2 main layers- fibrous- tough outer layer -serous- inner layer- further divided Into parietal and visceral Parietal lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium Serous lines surface of heart Space between serous layers- pericardial cavity
44
What is the pericardial cavity
Space between the parietal and visceral layer
45
Where do the left and right coronary arteries originate from
Aorta
46
What arteries originate from the aorta
Right and left coronary arteries
47
What coronary arteries originate from the right coronary artery
Right marginal Posterior interventricular
48
The right marginal and posterior interventricular originate from what artery
Right coronary artery
49
What coronary arteries originate from the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular Left marginal Left circumflex
50
Where do the anterior interventricular, left marginal and left circumflex arteries arise from
Left coronary artery
51
Where does the right coronary artery supply blood to
Right atrium and ventricle
52
What artery supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle
Right coronary artery
53
Where does the left circumflex artery supply blood to
Left atrium and ventricle
54
What artery supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle
Left circumflex artery
55
Where does the right marginal artery supply blood to
Right ventricle and apex
56
What artery supplies blood to the right ventricle and apex
Right marginal artery
57
Where does the left anterior descending artery supply blood to
Right and left ventricle Interventricular septum
58
What artery supplies blood to both ventricles and the interventricular septum
Left anterior descending artery
59
Where does the left marginal artery supply blood to
Left ventricle
60
What artery supplies blood to the left ventricle only
Left marginal artery
61
What is the interarterial septum
Solid muscular wall- seperates atria
62
What is the fossa oval is
Small oval-shaped depression in septum Remenant of foramen ovals in fetal heart
63
Give 3 differences between a pacemaker potential and a cardiac ventricular action potential
Pacemaker potential - no stable resting membrane potential CVAP- resting potential close to -90mV PP- natural automaticity CVAP- awaits AP from SAN or adjacent cardiac myocyte for activation PP- main depolarisation due to Ca2+ influx CVAP- main depolarisation due to Na+ influx
64
What are the 8 different structural parts of an artery
Lumen Endothelium Tunica intima Internal elastic lamina Tunica media External elastic lamina Tunica externa Adventitia
65
What is the lumen of the artery
Hollow tube of artery
66
What is the endothelium
Single layer of flat cells- in contact with blood
67
What is the tunica intima
Innermost layer of artery Consists of endothelial cells and connective tissue
68
What is the internal elastic lamina
Elastin-rich tissue Located between tunica intima and tunica media
69
What is the tunica media
Middle layer of artery Composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibres
70
What is the external elastic lamina
Layer of elastic tissue between tunica media and tunica externa
71
What is the tunica externa
Outermost layer of artery Composed of connective tissue, collagen fibres and loose fibroblasts
72
What is adventitia
Outermost layer of artery- also referred to as tunica externa Composed of connective tissue and collagen fibres In larger vessels- contain vasa vasorum- small blood vessels that supply nutrients to vessel wall
73
For the generation of a pacemaker potential, what happens when the end of one action potential causes hyperpoplarisation
Hyperpolaristaion activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels (HCN channels) open Allows Na+ to enter Creates slow depolarisation
74
What occurs in the generation of a pacemaker potential after hyperpolarisation activated cyclic nucleotide gated channels open, and Na+ enters causing a slow depolarisation
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open once HCN channels get membrane back to threshold This allows influx of Ca2+- increase depolarisation rate Peak of AP- Ca2+ channels inactivate- K+ channels open
75
What occurs in the generation of a pacemaker potential after depolarisation occurs due to an influx of Ca2+ causing Ca2+ channels to inactivate and K+ channels to open
K+ channels open and K+ leave- causes repolarisation HCN channels reactivated by negative membrane potentials New AP able to be generated
76
Describe a cardiac action potential
Voltage gated Na+ channels open- Na+ in Transient opening of voltage gated K+ channels- K+ out Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open- Ca2+ balances out K+ out Ca2+ channels inactivate K+ channels open- K+ out Back to resting membrane potential

MD003 (19 decks)

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