Bones And Joints

Question 1

How is cortical seen in an x ray

Answer 1

Whiter more dense

Question 2

How is spongy bone seen in an x ray

Answer 2

Darker- more grey- less dense

Question 3

What is spongy bone filled with

Answer 3

Red bone marrow

Question 4

What are bones covered with

Answer 4

Periosteum

Question 5

What is periosteum

Answer 5

Fibrous membrane that covers bones- provides them with blood and nutrients

Question 6

What kind of bone marrow does cortical bone contain

Answer 6

Yellow

Question 7

What cells synthesize osteoid and deposit calcium hydroxyapatite

Answer 7

Osteoblasts

Question 8

What is the function of osteoblasts

Answer 8

Synthesize osteoid and deposit calcium hydroxyapatite

Question 9

What is osteoid

Answer 9

Unmineralized organic content of bone- 90% collagen and 10% ground substance

Question 10

What do osteocytes do

Answer 10

Monitor stress levels

Question 11

What cells in the bone monitor stress levels

Answer 11

Osteocytes

Question 12

What do osteoclasts do

Answer 12

They destroy the bone- break it down and remove it- called resorption

Question 13

What cells carry out resorption in the bone

Answer 13

Osteoclasts

Question 14

What are the 5 different types of bone

Answer 14

Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid

Question 15

Give an example of a long bone

Answer 15

Humerus or femur

Question 16

Give an example of a short bone

Answer 16

Carpal or tarsal bones

Question 17

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 17

Vertebra or mandible

Question 18

Give an example of a flat bone

Answer 18

Parietal, frontal, ilium, or sternum

Question 19

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 19

Patella

Question 20

What are the 3 parts of a long bone

Answer 20

Diaphysis, metaphysis and epiphysis

Question 21

What part is the diaphysis of the bone

Answer 21

Long shaft of the middle of the bone

Question 22

What is the metaphysis of a bone

Answer 22

The flared regions either side of the bone that connect to the diaphysis

Question 23

What is the epiphysis of the bone

Answer 23

Region past the physis of the bone

Question 24

What is the physis of the bone

Answer 24

Growth plate of the bone

Question 25

What arteries supply the epiphysis of the bone

Answer 25

Epiphyseal arteries

Question 26

What arteries supply the metaphysis of the bone

Answer 26

Metaphyseal arteries

Question 27

What arteries supply the cavity of the diaphysis of the bone

Answer 27

Nutrient arteries

Question 28

What arteries supply the periosteum

Answer 28

Periosteal arteries

Question 29

What is the definition of a joint

Answer 29

An articulation between two or more bones

Question 30

What is a fibrous joint

Answer 30

Bones connected by collagen

Question 31

Characteristics of a fibrous joint and give an example

Answer 31

Tough, no movement and very stable- eg. Sutures of the skull

Question 32

What is a cartilaginous joint

Answer 32

Bones connected by fibrous or hyaline cartilage

Question 33

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 33

Primary and secondary

Question 35

Characteristics of primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 35

Contain hyaline cartilage, dont allow movement, can be temporary at epiphyseal plates or permanent at costochondral joints

Question 36

Characteristics of secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 36

Contains fibrous cartilage, allows minimum movement but very strong- eg. Pubic symphysis

Question 37

What are the 6 different types of synovial joints

Answer 37

Ball and socket, hinge, plane, saddle, pivot, condyloid (ellipsoid)

Question 38

Characteristics of a ball and socket joint

Answer 38

Bone with rounded articulated head- eg. Femur Bone with concave depression- eg. Pelvic bone Very mobile Less stable

Question 39

Characteristics of hinge joint

Answer 39

Convex surface articulating with a concave surface- eg. Elbow Only allow movement in one plane of direction Quite stable

Question 40

Characteristics of a plane joint

Answer 40

Both articulating surfaces flat- glide over each other Eg. Intercarpal joints in hand or facet joints of spine

Question 41

Characteristics of saddle joint

Answer 41

Articulating surfaces both saddle shaped- each have both convex and concave parts Eg. Carpometacarpal joint- thumb Allows movement in two planes

Question 42

Characteristics of a pivot joint

Answer 42

Cylindrical bone articulates with another bone usually supported by a ligament Eg. Proximal radioulnar joint

Question 43

Characteristics of condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

Answer 43

One depression in bone articulates with rounded ellipsoid shape on other bone Eg. Radiocarpal- wrist joint.

Question 45

Definition of a condyle

Answer 45

Rounded, knuckle-like articular areas often occuring in pairs Usually for articulation with another joint Eg. Femoral condyles

Question 46

Definition of epicondyle

Answer 46

Region adjacent to condyle Can be a site of muscle attachment

Question 47

Definition of foramen

Answer 47

Hole through bone Usually rounded Allows nerves and vessels to pass through

Question 48

Definition of fossa

Answer 48

A shallow depression or hollow Large surface area for muscle attachment

Question 49

Definition of head

Answer 49

Large round articular end of a bone Usually articulation with another bone

Question 50

Definition of crest

Answer 50

Ridge of bone- tends to be wider than a line Site for muscle attachment

Question 51

Definition of line

Answer 51

Slightly raised elongated ridge Site of muscle attachment

Question 52

Definition of notch

Answer 52

Indentation at end of bone Allow passage of neurovasculature or articulation with another bone

Question 53

Defintion of spine

Answer 53

Thorn like projection of bone Attachment for muscles or ligaments

Question 54

Defintion of tuberosity

Answer 54

Roughened projection of bone Site of muscle attachment

Question 55

Definition of trochanter

Answer 55

Large blunt projections of bone Specific to femur Site of muscle attachment