Imaging And Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is an X-ray and how does it work

A

An electromagnetic wave of high energy with a very short wavelength
Means its able to pass through many materials opaque to light
Produces and image known as a radiograph

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2
Q

Give 4 advantages of x-rays

A

Easy to access
Cheaper
Non-invasive
Less radiation than CT

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3
Q

Name 3 disadvantages of x-rays

A

Limited soft tissue details
Radiation exposure- 10 days background radiation exposure
Needs 2 views to assess- may miss injuries with only 1 view

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4
Q

What does CT stand for

A

Computerised tomography

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5
Q

Name 3 advantages of CT scans

A

More detailed than x-ray
3D image produced
Painless

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6
Q

Give 4 disadvantages of CT scans

A

Time consuming compared to x-ray
Expensive
Higher radiation than x-ray
Sometimes needs contrast- iodine

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7
Q

What does MRI stand for

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

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8
Q

How does an MRI work

A

Magnets align protons in the atoms of the body
Radio wave then knocks them out of alignment
Causes a change in the signal received by the machine
This then converted into an image

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9
Q

What are the two different weightings of an MRI

A

T1- known as anatomical- tissues look more similar to real life
T2- water in body appears white

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10
Q

What are 2 advantages of MRIs

A

No radiation
More detail than CT- good for tissues such as nerves

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11
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of MRIs

A

Expensive
Claustrophobic
Time consuming
Difficult if patient has metal implants in body

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12
Q

What is an ultrasound and how does it work

A

Uses a high frequency sound waves from a transducer
Waves reflected or slowed down by tissues of body
Waves picked up by sensor and converted into an image

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13
Q

Name 4 advantages of ultrasounds

A

No radiation
Performed at beside
Can be used for procedures
Repeatable

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14
Q

Name 3 disadvantages of ultrasounds

A

User dependent- if doctors or nurses not skilled image wont be good
Patient dependent- anatomy of patient may be hard to see
Often used as rule in not rule out- means is you see something abormal its abnormal- if you cant see anything it doesn’t mean its not normal

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15
Q

What does the sagittal plane do or show

A

Divides body into left and right

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16
Q

What anatomical plane divides the body into left to right

A

Sagittal

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17
Q

What does the coronal plane divide the body into

A

Into anterior and posterior

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18
Q

What anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior

A

The coronal plane

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19
Q

What does the transverse or axial plane divide the body into

A

Superior and inferior

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20
Q

What plane divides the body into inferior and superior

A

Transverse plane
Also known as axial plane e

21
Q

What is the definition of a fracture

A

A break in the structural continuation of the bone

22
Q

When is a fracture considered open

A

If the overlying skin is broken

23
Q

When is a fracture considered closed

A

If the overlying skin is left intact

24
Q

In a fracture, if the skin has a small wound what is the fracture considered

25
In a fracture, if the skin remains intact, what kind of fracture is it
Closed
26
What are the 5 steps in identifying a fracture
Check radiograph See fracture type See fracture location Fracture displacement Anything else
27
What 5 things do you do when seeing or checking a radiograph
Correct patient Correct image Multiple views Right body area Right time and date
28
What are the three different fracture types
Complete, incomplete and salter Harris
29
What are the 4 different types of complete fractures
Transverse Oblique Spiral Comminuted
30
What does a transverse fracture look like
Bone snapped straight through
31
What does an oblique fracture look like
A snapped straight through but at an angle
32
What does a spiral fracture look like
A bone snapped straight through but in the shape of a twisted cork screw
33
What does a comminuted fracture look like
A bone snapped straight through into multiple parts- bit like shattered glass
34
What are the 3 different types of incomplete fractures
Bowing Buckle Greenstick
35
What does a bowing fracture look like
Bone that has bent- looks a bit like a banana
36
What does a buckle fracture look like
Bone has impacted in on itself- like two tectonic plates going in on each other and forming a mountain or volcano
37
What does a greenstick fracture look like
Bone slightly chipped- not completely snapped through
38
What is a slater Harris fracture located
Fracture affecting the growth plate of a bone- mostly in children
39
A bone snapped straight through is what kind of fracture
Transverse
40
A bone snapped straight through but at an angle is what kind of fracture
Oblique
41
A bone snapped straight through but in the shape of a twisted cork screw is what kind of fracture
Spiral
42
A bone snapped straight through into multiple parts- bit like shattered glass is what kind of fracture
Comminuted
43
A Bone that has bent- looks a bit like a banana is what kind of fracture
Bowing
44
A bone that has impacted in on itself- like two tectonic plates going in on each other and forming a mountain or volcano is what kind of fracture
Buckle
45
A bone slightly chipped- not completely snapped through is what kind of fracture
Greenstick
46
Fractures affecting the growth plate of a bone- mostly in children are what kind of fractures
Salter Harris
47
What are the 4 steps of fracture management
Resuscitate- advanced trauma life support (ATLS)- not distracted by obvious injury- check airways Reduce- restore normal anatomy of bone- put bone back into place as well as possible Hold- use plaster cast or splint or internal/ external fixation Rehabilitation
48
What are the 4 steps of fracture healing
1. Haematoma formation- bleeding leading to accumulation of blood 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- soft callus 3. Ossification of callus- hard callus 4. Bone remodelling
49