Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 1

Shortening of muscle fibres; insertion moves towards origin

Concentric contractions are often involved in lifting movements.

Question 2

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 2

Force generated to keep muscle fibres at the same length

Isometric contractions occur when the muscle exerts force without changing length.

Question 3

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 3

Force is applied but there is a lengthening of muscle fibres

Eccentric contractions are commonly involved in lowering movements.

Question 4

In concentric contraction, what happens to the muscle fibres?

Answer 4

They shorten

This occurs during actions like lifting weights.

Question 5

In isometric contraction, what happens to the muscle fibres?

Answer 5

They maintain the same length

This is seen in exercises like wall sits.

Question 6

In eccentric contraction, what happens to the muscle fibres?

Answer 6

They lengthen

This type of contraction is crucial for controlling movements.

Question 7

True or False: Concentric contraction results in muscle elongation.

Answer 7

False

Concentric contraction leads to muscle shortening.

Question 8

Fill in the blank: In _______ contraction, the muscle does not change length despite the application of force.

Answer 8

isometric

Isometric contractions are essential for stabilizing joints.

Question 9

What type of muscle contraction occurs when the insertion moves towards the origin?

Answer 9

Concentric contraction

This movement usually occurs during lifting activities.

Question 10

What are the 4 main functions of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 10

Locomotion
Stabilisation of joints
Maintaining posture
Production of body heat

Question 11

What is the definition of a stride

Answer 11

The distance between initial contact with one leg and contact again with the same leg

Question 12

What is the definition of a step

Answer 12

The distance between initial contact with one leg and initial contact with the opposite leg

Question 13

What is the definition of cadence

Answer 13

Number of steps per minute

Question 14

A _______ is the distance between initial contact with one leg and initial contact with the opposite leg

Answer 14

Step

Question 15

A _____ is the distance between initial contact with one leg and contact again with the same leg

Answer 15

Stride

Question 16

______ is the number of steps per minute

Answer 16

Cadence

Question 17

What position is the hip in during initial contact

Answer 17

Hip is flexed

Question 18

What position is the knee in during initial contact

Answer 18

Knee is extended

Question 19

What position is the ankle in during initial contact

Answer 19

Ankle is dorsiflexed

Question 20

What happens during initial contact and what muscles are being used

Answer 20

Right leg slowly decelerates- carried out by gluteus maximus and hip extensors- gluteal region
Right forefoot starting to be lowered to the ground- carried out by eccentric contraction of ankle dorsiflexors- the anterior compartment of the leg

Question 21

What is the second step after initial contact in the gait cycle known as

Answer 21

Loading response

Question 22

What is the first step in the stance phase of gait cycle known as

Answer 22

Initial contact

Question 23

What happens during the loading response

Answer 23

Right knee and leg accept body weight via knee extensors- anterior compartment of the thigh
Right foot decelerates as it lowers- ankle plantarflexors- posterior compartment of leg
Stabilisation of pelvis- left leg now in air- prevents pelvis dropping on left side- ipsilateral hip abductors

Question 24

What is the third step of the gait cycle

Answer 24

Midstance

Question 25

What occurs during midstance

Answer 25

Mostly the same as loading response However now knee extensors act to stabilise knee- anterior compartment of the thigh

Question 26

What step is after midstance in the gait cycle

Answer 26

Terminal stance

Question 27

What occurs during terminal stance in the gait cycle

Answer 27

Heel lifted off the floor- plantarflexors- posterior compartment of leg Propel leg forward

Question 28

What step is after terminal stance

Answer 28

Pressing

Question 29

What occurs during preswing in the gait cycle

Answer 29

Flexion of toes- posterior compartment of leg

Question 30

What comes after the stance phase in the gait cycle

Answer 30

The swing phase

Question 31

What’s the first step of the swing phase in the gait cycle

Answer 31

Initial swing

Question 32

What occurs during initial swing in the gait cycle

Answer 32

Foot cleared from the floor- ankle dorsiflexors- anterior compartment of leg Knee flexes due to momentum Acceleration of leg forward- hip flexors- anterior compartment of thigh

Question 33

What step occurs after initial swing

Answer 33

Mid swing

Question 34

What occurs during mid swing

Answer 34

Ankle continues to be cleared from floor- dorsiflexion of ankle- anterior compartment of leg

Question 35

What is the third step of the swing phase

Answer 35

Terminal swing

Question 36

What occurs during the terminal swing

Answer 36

Deceleration in order to step on foot Eccentric contraction of hip extensors- gluteal region and posterior thigh Knee extension- anterior compartment of thigh Foot position- ankle dorsiflexion

Question 37

What are the 3 types of abnormal gait

Answer 37

Antalgic Trendelenburg Foot drop- high steppage/ slapping gait

Question 38

Why does antalgic gait arise

Answer 38

Occurs secondary to pain in the lower limb

Question 39

How does antalgic gait affect stance phase

Answer 39

Less time spent in stance phase on affected side- so less weight put on affected leg

Question 40

How does an antalgic gait affect swing phase

Answer 40

Swing phase in unaffected leg shortened

Question 41

Describe what an antalgic gait looks like and why it occurs

Answer 41

Occurs secondary to lower limb pain Less time in stance phase on affected side Less time in swing phase on unaffected side Physically looks like a limp

Question 42

Why does foot drop arise

Answer 42

Due to loss of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg- causes little to no dorsiflexion of the ankle Can be due to damage to deep peroneal nerve or common peroneal nerve/ disc herniation

Question 43

What does foot drop look like

Answer 43

Struggle to clear toes off ground- lifts leg higher Causes high steppage or dragging foot on ground When weight placed on foot- struggle to control it- foot slaps onto ground- ‘foot slap’

Question 44

Describe what foot drop looks like and why it arises

Answer 44

Loss of muscles in anterior compartment of leg- causes loss of dorsiflexion- due to damage too deep peroneal nerve or common P nerve/ disc herniation Means foot doesnt clear floor- either high steppage or foot drags Foot slaps ground- foot slap- when weight put on foot due to lack of control

Question 45

What causes trendelenburg gate to arise

Answer 45

Superior gluteal nerve palsy or damage to muscles post surgery Causes loss of function of hip abductors- gluteus medius and minimus

Question 46

How does trendelenburg gait affect pelvis movement

Answer 46

During stance phase in a normal gait when leg is off ground the hip abductors keep pelvis level Trendelenburg- gluteus medius and minimus non functional- cant keep pelvis level -pelvis drops to side of lifted leg

Question 47

Describe how trendelenburg looks like and why it arises

Answer 47

Hip drop to side of lifted leg- due to loss of function of hip abductors- gluteus medius and minimus- caused by superior gluteal nerve palsy or damage to muscles post surgery