Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the NS?

A

Regulates body activities by:
-Detecting change (ext/int)
-Interpreting those changes (ext/int)
-Organising responses
–> responses = muscular movements, gland secretions … - conscious/unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the NS?

A

-Neurons
-Glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 2 types of neuron?

A

-Afferent
-Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do afferent neurons receive info from?

A

Receive & integrate info from sensory recs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do efferent neurons transmit info to?

A

Other neurons OR effector organs/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Summarise the role of afferent & efferent neurons.

A

-Afferent neurons receive & integrate incoming info from sensory recs
-Efferent neurons transmit information to other neurons or effector organs/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs at a synapse - what is it between (on the 2 adjoining neurons)?

A

Info is passed between neurons - between terminal boutons of presynaptic neuron & dendrites of postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are synapses?

A

Cell-to-cell junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fill in the divisions of the NS.

A

(Focus is on PNS!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

*31 pairs of spinal nerves (no.s match vertebral level above except in cervical region image):
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

*12 pairs of cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do somatic nerves (of somatic NS) innervate?

A

-Somites (where somatic cells = derived from)
—> includes skeletal muscles & skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic neurones (of somatic NS)?

A

-Motor
-Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do somatic neurones/nerves (of somatic NS) respond to?

A

Ext info
-& produce voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do autonomic nerves (of autonomic NS) innervate?

A

-Viscera
-Glandular cells
-Smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 types of autonomic neurones/nerves (of autonomic NS)?

A

-Sensory
-Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do autonomic nerves receive & respond to signals?

A

-Receive signals via visceral afferent fibres
-Respond to stimuli via visceral efferent fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do autonomic nerves (of autonomic NS) respond to?

A

Int info
-& associated with controlling involuntary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Would the somatic or autonomic NSs respond to:
1 = Neck pain - to cause stretching of neck?
2 = Low BP - to stimulate HR increase?

A

1 = Somatic (Voluntary process)
2 = Autonomic (involuntary process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is the sympathetic NS stimulated?

A

When stressed - governs ‘fight or flight’ response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the effects of the sympathetic NS?

A

-Inc HR & BP
-Dec blood flow to extremities & GI tract by vasoconstriction
-Inc blood flow to heart & muscles by vasodilation
-Pupil dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is the parasympathetic NS stimulated?

A

Most of the time - e.g., when at rest/not stressed - governs ‘rest & digest’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some of the effects of the parasympathetic NS?

A

-Dec HR & force of contraction to lower BP
-Inc blood flow to extremities & GI tract
-Dec blood flow to heart & muscles
-Pupil constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name for the degree of activity of 1 of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic NSs?

A

Sympathetic or parasympathetic tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is homeostasis of the 2 branches off of the autonomic NS achieved?

A

Balancing the opposing sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define topography.

A

Distribution of parts/features on the surface or within an organ or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are dorsal roots found in a typical spinal nerve - what are they made of & where do they synapse?

A

Dorsal root = formed only from sensory neurons which synapse in dorsal horn of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are ventral roots found in a typical spinal nerve - what are they made of & where do they synapse?

A

Ventral root = formed only from motor neurons which synapse in ventral horn of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How to remember what makes up dorsal & ventral roots?

A

Dr Smith is Very Mean
Dorsal Sensory & Ventral Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why might neurons be myelinated?

A

Improves = conduction speed of neurons - insulates electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do neurons that are myelinated look like & why?

A

Appear white - due to high lipid content in myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of neurons is white matter made of & why?

A

Myelinated - as these are white due to lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of neurons is grey matter made of & why, & what else makes up grey matter?

A

-Unmyelinated neurons - as no myelin (which would be white)
-Also has cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why does grey matter have a ‘butterfly’ appearance in the spinal cord?

A

Due to vertically running neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If this was an efferent neurone, how would it be positioned?

A

-Cell body = in ventral horn of grey matter
–> as is a motor neurone
-Axon = in ventral root
–> as is motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do all fibres travel into/out of in a spinal nerve?

A

-Ventral roots
-Dorsal roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do spinal nerves divide into?

A

-Ventral rami
-Dorsal rami

37
Q

What does the ventral ramus of a spinal nerve innervate?

A

Ant & lat aspects of body (most of body)

38
Q

What does the dorsal ramus of a spinal nerve innervate?

A

Post aspects of body

39
Q

Which structures of spinal nerve have mixed input (sensory & motor)?

A

-Dorsal rami
-Ventral rami
-Spinal nerves

40
Q

Which structure of a spinal nerve DO NOT have mixed input (sensory & motor) - & what do they have?

A

-Dorsal roots = only sensory neurones
-Ventral roots = only motor neurones

41
Q

Summarise the structure of a typical spinal nerve (= somatic NS!)

A

-Dorsal roots (made of sensory ns) - synapse @ dorsal horn
-Ventral roots (made of sensory ns) - synapse @ ventral horn
-Fibres travel in/out via dorsal & ventral roots
-Spinal nerves split into: dorsal & ventral rami (to innervate parts of body)
-Spinal nerves, dorsal rami, ventral rami = carry sensory & motor fibres

42
Q

What is the pathway of a somatic SENSORY/afferent nerve (as somatic NS provides sensory & motor innervation of skeletal muscles - in response to ext info)?

A

Afferent neurone (as receives & integrates info from SENSORY recs) travels:
-From rec
-Along dorsal/ventral ramus (depends on where signal is from in body)
-Into mixed spinal nerve
-Through dorsal root (as has SENSORY nerves only)
-Into spinal cord - where synapses in dorsal horn of grey matter

43
Q

What is the pathway of a somatic MOTOR/efferent nerve (as somatic NS provides sensory & motor innervation of skeletal muscles - in response to ext info)?

A

Efferent neurone (as transmit info to other neurones or effector organs/tissues) travels:
-From vertebral horn of grey matter
-Through ventral root (as has MOTOR nerves only)
-into spinal nerve
-Along dorsal/ventral ramus (depends on where signal is from in body)
-Synapses at effector organ/tissue

44
Q

What neurotransmitter do somatic neurones transmit across synapses (from one neurone to other)?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

What is another term for efferent neurones?

A

Motor

46
Q

What is another term for afferent neurones?

A

Sensory

47
Q

Where are the cell bodies of motor/efferent neurones?

A

Ventral horn of grey matter in spinal cord (remember ventral roots contain motor neurones & grey matter contains cell bodies)

48
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory/afferent neurones & why (based on structure)?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (found on dorsal root) - as sensory neurones have central cell bodies
-Dendrites of sensory neurone = in dorsal horn of grey matter

49
Q

Structure of sensory neurone?

A
50
Q

Summarise the locations of everything in the somatic NS - efferent/motor & afferent/sensory?

A
51
Q

Structure of motor neurone?

A
52
Q

Where do sympathetic neurones - ‘fight or flight’ (of ASNS) arise from?

A

Spinal nerves T1-L2

53
Q

What is meant by the ASNS having thoracolumbar outflow?

A

Sympathetic nerves of ASNS can only arise from thoracic or lumbar spinal nerves

54
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurones - ‘rest & digest’ (of APNS) arise from?

A

-Brainstem cranial nerves
-Spinal nerves S1-4

55
Q

What is meant by the APNS having craniosacral outflow?

A

Parasympathetic neurones of APSNS can only arise from cranial nerves & sacral spinal nerves

56
Q

What do visceral efferent fibres of the ANS innervate?

A

-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscle
-Glandular cells
-Viscera

57
Q

What are the 2 types of neurones that make up the ANS?

A

-Pre-synaptic/pre-ganglionic fibre
-Post-synaptic/post-ganglionic fibre

58
Q

Where are the sites of synapses in the ANS?

A

Within ganglia - ALWAYS!

59
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres arise from (part of ASNS)?

A

Lateral horn of grey matter

60
Q

Where are lateral horns of grey matter found?

A

ONLY in thoracic spinal nerves

61
Q

Describe the path of a sympathetic efferent/motor nerve (part of ASNS)?

A

-Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibre - from lateral horn of grey matter
-Through ventral root
-Through mixed spinal nerve
-Into white ramus communicans (=in white matter)
(-Pre-ganglionic fibre - can travel up/down to other levels of sympathetic trunk)
-Pre & post-ganglionic neurones synapse in sympathetic ganglion (within sympathetic chain - unless are splanchnic nerves)
-Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibre exits ganglion via grey ramus communicans
-Out via dorsal/ventral ramus
-To target tissue

62
Q

Why do pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres enter the white ramus communicans?

A

As the white ramus communicans is part of white matter - & pre-ganglion fibres = myelinated

63
Q

Why do post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres enter the grey ramus communicans?

A

As the grey ramus communicans is part of grey matter - & post-ganglionic fibres = unmyelinated

64
Q

What happens if the pre-ganglionic fibre travels up/down the sympathetic trunk?

A

Pre-ganglionic fibre will synapse with a post-ganglionic fibre in a ganglia of a different sympathetic nerve

65
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk?

A

-Made by axons of sympathetic neurons as they pass between ganglia

66
Q

What is the ‘choice’ a pre-ganglionic sympathetic neuron has?

A

Cam either synapse at its own ganglion before travelling up or down, or synapse after

67
Q

Why is it important that the sympathetic trunk allows a pre-ganglionic fibre to synapse at its own or other ganglia?

A

Increases complexity of system - so can have more diverse effects

68
Q

Is the sympathetic trunk visible to the naked eye?

A
69
Q

What type of sympathetic nerves are an exception to the rule that “pre-synaptic sympathetic neurones synapse within the sympathetic trunk” - at the ganglia of other spinal nerves & why?

A

Splanchnic nerves
–> travel through sympathetic trunk/chain BUT do not synapse here - instead synapse in prevertebral ganglia

70
Q

Where have we seen splanchnic nerves before - to demonstrate that they do not

A
71
Q

What are the targets of splanchnic nerves?

A

= Organs (BUT not all organs are innervated by splanchnic nerves - just some)

72
Q

What nerves of the ASNS innervate MOST organs?

A

Splanchnic nerves

73
Q

How do splanchnic nerves innervate MOST organs?

A

-Pre-ganglionic splanchnic sympathetic fibres - from lateral horn of grey matter
-Through ventral root
-Through mixed spinal nerve
-Into white ramus communicans (=in white matter)
-Pre-ganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse with post-ganglionic splanchnic nerves at prevertebral ganglia (on blood vessels of specific organ)
-Post-ganglionic splanchnic fibres move along remainder of vessel to target organ

74
Q

Where are the prevertebral ganglia that pre-ganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse at (with post-ganglionic splanchnic nerves)/

A

On surface of blood vs supplying a specific organ

75
Q

Which organs are NOT supplied/innervated by splanchnic nerves & what are they innervated by instead?

A

= thoracic organs - inn from normal symp nerves:
-Heart
–> cardiac plexus:
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres inn heart synapse in sympathetic chain @ T1-4 & from cervical ganglia
-Lungs
–> pulmonary plexus:
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibres inn lungs synapse in sympathetic chain at levels T1-4

76
Q

What exactly do splanchnic nerves innervate?

A

Viscera of MOST organs

77
Q

What neurotransmitter do sympathetic efferents release - at synapses between pre & post ganglionic fibres?

A

Acetylcholine (same as somatic)

78
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic sympathetic efferent fibres release at targe tissues?

A

Noradrenaline (as is sympathetic - so ‘fight or flight’)

79
Q

Where do parasympathetic efferent neurones arise from?

A

Ventral horn of grey matter

80
Q

Describe the path of a parasympathetic efferent/motor nerve (part of APNS)?

A

-Pre-ganglionic fibre from brainstem/sacra; spinal cord to target tissue
-(IF FROM SACRAL SPINAL CORD –> parasympathetic efferent neurone from ventral horn of grey matter)
-Through ventral root
-Into spinal nerve
-Along dorsal/ventral ramus
-Synapses in a ganglion
-Moves out ganglion to reach target tissues
(same as somatic but here is a ganglion before target tissue)

81
Q

Where are parasympathetic autonomic ganglia?

A

Near to or within the lining of target tissue/organ

82
Q

What nerve gives the parasympathetic innervation to from the neck down up until midgut?

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

83
Q

What neurotransmitter do parasympathetic efferents release - at synapses between pre & post ganglionic fibres?

A

Acetylcholine

84
Q

What neurotransmitter do post-ganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibres release at targe tissues?

A

Acetylcholine (as is parasympathetic - so ‘rest & digest’)

85
Q

What do the visceral sensory/afferent nerves do in the ANS (both ASNS & APNS is same - previously was all motor/efferent)?

A

-Transmit sensations of visceral pain & distension (fullness) back to CNS

Their cell bodies also lie in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG).

86
Q

Describe the path of ANS sensory/afferent nerves?

A

Afferent neurone (as receives & integrates info from SENSORY recs) travels:
-From rec
-Along dorsal/ventral ramus (depends on where signal is from in body)
-Into mixed spinal nerve
-Through dorsal root (as has SENSORY nerves only)
-Into spinal cord - where synapses in dorsal horn of grey matter

87
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory/afferent parasympathetic nerves?

A

Dorsal root ganglion (same as somatic NS - as sensory neurones have central cell body)

88
Q

Compare the ASNS & APNS (sympathetic & parasympathetic NSs - of the autonomic NS)?

A

Anatomy (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions