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Anatomy > Distal Lower Limb > Flashcards

Distal Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Label the bones of the foot.

A

-Medial cuneiform
-Intermedial cuneiform
-Distal cuneiform

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2
Q

Label more bones of foot.

A
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3
Q

What are the names of the 2 bony projections on either side of the ankle?

A

-Medial malleolus
-Lateral malleolus

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4
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Posterior tibiotalar ligament

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5
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Tibionavicular ligament

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6
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Tibiocalcaneal ligament

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7
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Posterior talofibular ligament

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8
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

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9
Q

Which ligament of the foot is this?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament

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10
Q

Name the 3 arches of the foot.

A
  1. Medial Longitudinal arch
  2. Lateral Longitudinal arch
  3. Transverse arch
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11
Q

Which arch of the foot is this & why?

A

*Medial longitudinal - as:
-Goes from calcaneus - rises to talus - then descends to metatarsals 1-3

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12
Q

Which arch of the foot is this & why?

A

*Lateral longitudinal - as:
-Goes from calcaneus - rises to cuboid (less steep than for medial) - then descends to metatarsals 4-5

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13
Q

Describe the transverse arch of the foot.

A

At a juncture between tarsal bones & metatarsals

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14
Q

Purpose of foot arches?

A

-When arch collapses (downwards onto ground) = for shock absorption
-When release arch (back upwards from ground again) = acts like spring - to propel us forwards

–> weight bearing, shock absorption, propulsion - so have important role in standing, walking & running

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15
Q

Bones of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Metatarsals 1-3, sesamoid bones, cuneiform bones, navicular, talus and calcaneus bones

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16
Q

Ligaments of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis, spring ligament, talocalcaneal ligament, deltoid ligament

–> supporting ligaments provide more stability than bones of arch

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17
Q

Muscles of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, tibialis posterior

–> help support the medial longitudinal arch

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18
Q

Bones of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsals 4-5

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19
Q

Ligaments of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Plantar aponeurosis, plantar ligaments

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20
Q

Muscles of the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A

Fibularis longus, abductor digiti minimi, lateral half of flexor digitorum brevis, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius

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21
Q

Bones of the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Metatarsals 1-5, cuboid and cuneiform bones

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22
Q

Ligaments of the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Ligaments of intercuneiform joints

23
Q

Muscles of the transverse arch of the foot?

A

Fibularis longus, tibialis posterior

24
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Excessive pressure in muscles (due to swelling/bleeding) = inc. in muscle vol beyond ability of fascia (surrounding muscle compartments) to stretch
–> so pressure in closed compartments rises - impairing blood flow
–> so NO O2 & nutrients brought to muscle from blood - muscle & nerves cannot function = die

25
Q

Where can compartment syndrome occur?

A

-Most common = anterior compartment of leg
-Thighs
-Feet
-Arms
-Hands
-Abdomen
-Buttocks

26
Q

Symptoms of compartment syndrome?

A

-Pain - that increases when stretch muscles
-Muscles feel tight & swollen
-If nerves affected = tingling, burning sensation, numbness, muscle weakness = signs that is permenant tissue damage

27
Q

2 types of compartment syndrome?

A

-Acute compartment syndrome
-Chronic compartment syndrome

28
Q

Acute compartment syndrome:
-Cause?
-Diagnosis?
-Treatment?

A

-Serious injury - causing internal bleeding/swelling, or casts, tight bandages
-Physical exam, x-ray for fractures, compartment pressure test
-Emergency surgery - cut open fascia to relieve pressure

29
Q

Chronic compartment syndrome:
-Cause?
-Diagnosis?
-Treatment?
-Prevention?

A

-Overtraining in athletes - over exertion - often in sports involving repetitive movements e.g., swimming, running, biking
-Rule out other causes - physical exam, imaging studies: x-ray rule out fracture, MRI examine muscle structure & assess fluid vol, near-infrared spectroscopy to measure O2 sat, or compartment pressure measure (= invasive - needle inserted into muscle - to record pressure)
-Often resolves once causative sport stopped & then rest - but can have surgery - for those who want to return to offending sport - release fascia (fasciotomy)
-Try other sports (low-impact, no repetitive movements), build up endurance, work on softer surface, wear proper shoes, anti-inflamm meds & physical therapy

30
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

-Diamond shaped depression on post. knee
-Path by which vessels & nerves pass between thigh & leg

31
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

*Superomed = semimembranosus & muscle
*Post = semitendinosus
*Superolat = biceps femoris (long + short head)
*Inferomed = gastrocnemius med head
*Inferolat = gastrocnemius lat head & plantaris

32
Q

What are the 4 contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

*Most deep = popliteal artery
*Next more sup = popliteal vein
*Most sup = nerves (the x2 divisions of sciatic nerve):
-Tibial nerve (more med of sciatic nerve branch)
-Common fibular nerve (more lat of sciatic nerve branch)

33
Q

Which of these muscles acts to both evert and plantarflex the foot?
-Tibialis anterior
-Gastrocnemius
-Tibialis posterior
-Fibularis/Peroneus brevis

A

Fibularis/Peroneus brevis

34
Q

Does the tibia lie medial to the fibula?

A

Yes

35
Q

Which of these muscles does not form a boundary of the popliteal fossa?
-Gastrocnemius - Lateral Head
-Semimembranosus
-Semitendinosus
-Gracilis

A

Gracilis

36
Q

Branches of which artery supply the lateral compartment of the leg?
-The popliteal artery
-The anterior tibial artery
-The posterior tibial artery
-The fibular artery

A

The fibular artery

37
Q

What are the 3 attachments of the inferior extensor retinaculum of the leg?

A

The lateral calcaneus, the medial malleolus, the plantar aponeurosis

38
Q

What is the name of this muscle?

A

Fibularis longus

39
Q

Which of these is NOT a way to alleviate the symptoms of compartment syndrome?
-Fasciotomy
-Elevate the region
-Remove tight bandages
-NSAIDs

A

Elevate the region

40
Q

Towards the distal leg, the deep fibular nerve runs between which two muscles?

A

Tibialis anterior & extensor hallucis longus

41
Q

Which of these veins drains directly into the popliteal vein?
-The great saphenous vein
-The small saphenous vein
-The anterior tibial vein
-The posterior tibial vein

A

The small saphenous vein

42
Q

Which of these nerves innervates the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
-The superficial fibular nerve
-The common fibular nerve
-The deep fibular nerve
-The tibial nerve

A

The tibial nerve

43
Q

Which of these muscle tendons does not pass through the tarsal tunnel?
-Tibialis posterior
-Flexor digitorum longus
-Plantaris
-Flexor hallucis longus

A

Plantaris

44
Q

Which of the deep muscles within the posterior compartment of the leg acts to invert the foot?
-Flexor hallucis longus
-Plantaris
-Tibialis posterior
-Flexor digitorum longus

A

Tibialis posterior

45
Q

The tendons of gastrocnemius, plantaris, & soleus share a common insertion onto which tarsal bone?

A

The calcaneous

46
Q

What is the common function of the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot

47
Q

Which of the bones of the foot is the keystone (peak point - to which the arch rises & from which the arch descends!) of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

The talus

48
Q

The tendon of which of these muscles helps to support a longitudinal arch of the foot?
-Fibularis tertius
-Gastrocnemius
-Extensor digitorum longus
-Fibularis longus

A

Fibularis longus

49
Q

What is the name of the ligament indicated by Label 1?

A

The tibiocalcaneal ligament

50
Q

What is the name of the ligament indicated by Label 2?

A

The posterior talofibular ligament

51
Q

True or false:
The plantar interossei are associated with only the three medial digits?

A

False

52
Q

True or false:
All nerves providing motor innervation to the distal leg arise from the sciatic nerve.

A

True

53
Q

What are plantar interossei - where & what is their function?

A

-Plantar interossei attach to phalanges of digits III - V (the 3 lateral digits)
-Function = abduct these digits from midline & flex their metatarsophalangeal joints

Anatomy (21 decks)

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