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Anatomy > Internal Brain > Flashcards

Internal Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globus pallidus
= main 3
-Subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

What are the structures of involved in the motor loops of the basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen
-Globus pallidus -> interna & externa
-Thalamus
-Subthalamic nucleus
-Substantia nigra

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3
Q

Function of the basal ganglia?

A

-Motor refinement - fine tune/tweaks of movement - so we do certain movements & stop other movements we don’t want

-Planning & modulation of movement, memory, eye movements, reward processing, motivation -> limbic control via limbic loop?

–> a group of subcortical nuclei that fine-tune voluntary motor activity

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4
Q

What other regions of the brain - other than the basal ganglia are involved in movement?

A

-Cerebellum
-Motor cortex

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5
Q

What are the caudate nucleus & putamen referred to together as?

A

Striatum (dorsal striatum)
–> as they have interconnections that appear as striated lines

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6
Q

What are the globus pallidus interna & externa & thalamus referred to together as?

A

Lentiform nucleus

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7
Q

Where is substantia nigra found?

A

Mid-brain - not in cortex!

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

-Substantia nigra pars reticulata
-Substantia nigra pars compacta

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9
Q

Describe the location of the thalamus.

A

-More medial & posterior than other structures –> lie medially in brain & above brainstem
-Sits on both sides of 3rd ventricle (a little further back than them)

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10
Q

Describe the location of globus pallidus & putamen in relation to one another.

A

-GP = more medial (closer to thalamus) & deeper
-P = more lateral (further from thalamus) & superficial

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11
Q

Describe the location of the caudate nucleus & putamen in relation to globus pallidus & thalamus.

A

CN & P = anterior to GP & T
–> so will be sections when can see CN & P but not GP & T

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12
Q

Describe the location & structure of the caudate nucleus.

A

-Sits external/lateral to the lateral ventricles
-C-shaped like the lateral ventricles - i.e., CN follow curvature of lateral ventricles

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13
Q

Label
-Globus pallidus
-Subthalamic nucleus
-Substantia nigra
-Thalamus
-Caudate nucleus
-Putamen

A
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14
Q

What are transverse sections?

A

As though you have taken a slice horizontally across head

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15
Q

What are coronal sections?

A

-Slices that give a ventral & dorsal surfaces
-As though are slicing face & further backwards

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16
Q

Label.

A

Frontal = same as coronal

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17
Q

What will be seen in the most superior transverse view of the basal ganglia?

A

The caudate nuclei which follow the curvature of the lateral ventricles

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18
Q

What will you see at a relative inferior transverse view of the basal ganglia? = most likely to be given!!!

A

-Still see caudate nuclei following curvature of lateral ventricles = more anteriorly/ventrally/rostrally
-Now also see putamen
-& can see thalamus which sit on either side of the 3rd ventricles - more posteriorly/dorsally/caudally

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19
Q

What will you see at a the most inferior transverse view of the basal ganglia? = most likely to be given!!!

A

-Caudate nucleus (no lateral ventricles now though) - more anteriorly/ventrally/rostrally
-Putamen & globus pallidus (now seen) - form triangle
-Thalamus - more posteriorly/dorsally/caudally

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20
Q

What will you see in a more anterior coronal view of the basal ganglia?

A

-Caudate nuclei following curvature of lateral vernicles = more superior
-Striations (lines) between caudate nucleus & putamen = striatum
-Internal capsule - in the dorsal striatum
-Putamen = slightly more inferiorly

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21
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

White matter tract in between caudate nucleus & putamen
-Contains asc & desc axons - going to & from cerebral cortex
-Also separates caudate nucleus & putamen in dorsal striatum

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22
Q

What can you see in a more posterior coronal view of the basal ganglia? = most likely to be given!!!

A

-Caudate nuclei following curvature of lateral ventricles = more superior
-Internal capsule in dorsal striatum
-Dorsal striatum seen - lines/striations between caudate nucleus & putamen
-Putamen & globus pallidus seen - form triangle = more inferiorly
-Can see 3rd ventricle - so can distinguish the thalamus - sitting on either sides of 3rd ventricles = more inferiorly

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23
Q

Function of caudate nucleus?

A
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24
Q

Function of putamen?

A
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25
Q

Function of globus pallidus?

A

Voluntary movement, motivation, cognition

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26
Q

Function of thalamus?

A

Relay station - so pain, temp info passes through to cortex where it can then be perceived
-Refer to direct pathway -> signals must pass from thalamus to motor cortex - for movement to occur (after a signal has been received - sensory to initiate this movement)

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27
Q

Outline the direct pathway of the basal ganglia.

A
  1. Cortex -> striatum (via corticostriatal pathway) = glutamate neurones = excitatory – i.e., glutamate neurones excite neurones in striatum
  2. Activated striatal neurones release GABA in globus pallidus internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata – inhibits activity of these regions (stops them from inhibiting neurones in thalamus)
  3. This prevention of inhibition on thalamus – enables glutamate neurones to project from thalamus to motor regions of cerebral cortex (motor cortex) = excitatory – stimulates movement
    –> This all occurs just prior to movement

BUT – to prevent unwanted movements:
-GABA neurones project from globus pallidus internal & substantia nigra pars reticulata = inhibitory –> so prevents thalamus exciting motor cortex = no movement

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28
Q

Outline the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia.

A
  1. Cerebral cortex -> activates GABA neurones in striatum
  2. These GABA neurones project from striatum to globus pallidus external = inhibits activity of neurones in globus pallidus external  preventing globus pallidus external neurones from inhibiting neurones in subthalamic nucleus so…
  3. Subthalamic nucleus neurones activated by projections from cerebral cortex so…
  4. Subthalamic nucleus neurones activate globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticulata GABA neurones
  5. GABA neurones project from globus pallidus & substantia nigra pars reticulata to thalamus = inhibits thalamic neurones that travel to motor cortex = inhibiting movement
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29
Q

Role of the direct & indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

-Direct = to initiate movement
-Indirect = to inhibit unwanted movements & to antagonise the activity of the direct pathway

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30
Q

What is the striatum of the basal ganglia made up of?

A

-Dorsal striatum = caudate nucleus & putamen
-Ventral striatum = nucleus accumbens & olfactory tubercle (this part of the striatum is considered part of the limbic system)

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31
Q

Label.

A
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32
Q

Label.

A
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33
Q

Label this image of the brain stem.

A
34
Q

Label this coloured image of the brain stem.

A
35
Q

Label this image of the brain stem.

A
36
Q

Label this image of the midbrain cross-section/axial section.

A
37
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain contain?

A

Axons upper motor neurones - descending from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord

38
Q

What is substantia nigra of the midbrain?

A

-Contains dopaminergic neurons, essential for movement & muscle tone
-This banding is visibly degraded in those with Parkinson’s Disease

39
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain?

A

Channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain - for CSF flow (ventricular system)

40
Q

What are the colliculi (superior & inferior) of the midbrain?

A

-Superior = involved in attention
-Inferior = involved in auditory processing

41
Q

How to remember what the structure of the midbrain?

A

Looks like a mouse

42
Q

Label this cross-section/axial section of the midbrain.

A
43
Q

Label this cross section/axial section of the pons.

A

cerebell. ped = cerebellar peduncles

44
Q

What are the cerebellar peduncles of the pons?

A

Bilateral axon tracts - connect cerebellum & pons

45
Q

Where do the corticospinal tracts run in the pons - from the primary motor cortex, midbrain to here?

A

-Run bilaterally down the ventral pons
-They are continuous with cerebral peduncles of midbrain

46
Q

Label this cross section/axial section of the pons.

A
47
Q

Label this cross section/axial section of the medulla oblongata.

A
48
Q

What are the olives of the medulla oblongata?

A

External protrusions caused by the underlying olivary nuclei

49
Q

What are the olivary nuclei of the medulla oblongata?

A

Regulate motor co-ordination & learning

50
Q

What are the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

A

Bilateral protrusions caused by the underlying corticospinal tracts

51
Q

What is the anterior/ventral median fissure of the medulla oblongata?

A

Continuous with that of the spinal cord

52
Q

Label this cross section/axial section of the medulla oblongata.

A
53
Q

Label this cross section/axial section of the more inferior medulla oblongata.

A
54
Q

What is the decussation of the pyramids in the more inferior medulla oblongata?

A

= Region where fibres of the corticospinal tracts ‘decussate’ or swap sides
-This region of medulla has pyramids that are slightly flattened out, caused by the fibres within running transversely rather than vertically.

55
Q

What is the central canal of the medulla oblongata?

A

Continuous with that of the spinal cord

56
Q

Label the parts of the cerebellum.

A
57
Q

Label the lobes of the cerebrum (cerebral lobes).

A
58
Q

Label.

A
59
Q

Which label indicates the corpus callosum?

A

C

60
Q

Which label indicates the decussation of the pyramids?

A

E

61
Q

Which label indicates the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

E

62
Q

Which label indicates the cerebral aqueduct?

A

A

63
Q

Which label indicates the pons?

A

D

64
Q

Which label indicates the inferior colliculus?

A

B

65
Q

Which label indicates the inferior colliculus?

A

D

66
Q

Which label indicates the infundibulum/pituitary stalk?

A

A

67
Q

Which label indicates the thalamus?

A

F

68
Q

Which label indicates the 4th ventricle?

A

G

69
Q

Which label indicates a mamillary body?

A

B

70
Q

Which label indicates the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

C

71
Q

Which label indicates the medulla oblongata?

A

I

72
Q

Which label indicates the cerebral peduncle?

A

C

73
Q

Which label indicates the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

D

74
Q

Which label indicates the cingulate gyrus?

A

B

75
Q

Which label indicates the olive?

A

F

76
Q

Which label indicates the superior colliculus?

A

A

77
Q

Label.

A

1st image = midbrain, pons, medulla
2nd image = midbrain & pons

78
Q

Label.

A
79
Q

Label.

A
80
Q

Categorise the nuclei of the basal ganglia into:
-Input Nuclei
-Intrinsic Nuclei
-Output Nuclei

A

-Input nuclei receive info
-This info is then relayed to intrinsic nuclei for processing
-Info then further passed to output nuclei

Anatomy (21 decks)

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