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Anatomy > Radiology Basics > Flashcards

Radiology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

On x-rays, what colour will the densest items show up as?

A

White

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2
Q

On x-rays, what colour will the least dense items show up as?

A

Black

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3
Q

Rank - fat, air/lung, metal, bones, soft tissue, from least dense to most dense & what colour would show up as on x-ray.

A
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4
Q

On a CT scan, what can be seen that can’t be on normal x-ray?

A

Blood

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5
Q

Rank blood, fat, air/lung, bones from least to most dense & what colour would show up as on CT scan.

A
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6
Q

Why do items show up as light or dark on x-rays/CT scans, in terms of density?

A

Dark/black = absorb x-rays weakly (least dense)
Light/white = absorb x-rays strongly (most dense)

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7
Q

How do MRI scans work?

A

-Do not use radiation
-Uses magnets and radiowaves

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8
Q

What do white areas on MRI mean?

A

A high signal of proton energy

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9
Q

x2 types of MRI images & what does areas of white mean on each?

A

T1 weighted - white = fat
T2 weighted - white = fat & water

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10
Q

How do ultrasound scans work?

A

Probe/transducer sends beam of
sound waves into body
-Sound waves = reflected back to the probe by
different tissues to varying degrees
-Outward & returning signals are subtracted
by the ultrasound machine to create an image

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11
Q

What does colour mean in relation to ultrasound scans?

A
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12
Q

Recall all you can about:
-Plain film (CXR)
-CT
-MRI
-PET-CT
-Ultrasound

A
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13
Q

Name some imaging modalities - for midgut?

A

-Plain film
-CT
-Ultrasound
-MRI
-Fluoroscopy
-Abdominal x-ray
-Fluoroscopy

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14
Q

+ves of abdominal x-rays?

A

-Can identify features of small bowel and large bowel obstruction
-Can show evidence of colitis or toxic megacolon
-Less radiation when compared to other modalities
-Non contrast

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15
Q

-ves of abdominal x-rays?

A

-Less sensitive for ruling out acute abdomen
-Imprecise and non-specific
-Can provide false reassurance
-Poor tissue differentiation

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16
Q

When are abdominal x-rays used?

A

-Obstruction
-Perforation- Erect CXR
-Location of foreign body

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17
Q

What is the projection view of abdominal x-rays?

A

AP supine

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18
Q

Order of interpretation of stones, masses, gases, bones on abdominal x-ray?

A

◦ Gas pattern
◦ Soft Tissues
◦ Bones
◦ Calcification and artefact

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19
Q

What does the small bowel look like on abdominal x-ray?

A

-Central abdomen
-Valvulae coniventes –mucosal folds
that cross the full bowel width
-Max. diameter usually 3cm

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20
Q

What does the large bowel look like on abdominal x-ray?

A

-Peripherally placed
-Gas/faeces within the lumen
-Haustra-which only cross 1/3 of the diameter
-Maximum diameter 6cm
-Caecum can be up to 9cm

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21
Q

Position of organs on abdominal x-ray?

A
22
Q

Position of bones on abdominal x-ray?

A
23
Q

What is case-plain film?

A

-Most common type of x-ray
-Of abdomen - can differentiate between stomach, small bowel & large bowel

24
Q

What is the 3-6-9 rule in case-plain film?

A

-small bowel: <3 cm
-large bowel: <6 cm
(-appendix: <6 mm)
-cecum: <9 cm

-Guide to determining when bowel is dilated
-Can differentiate between small & large bowel

25
Q

Features of bowel dilation - case-plain film x-ray?

A

-Dilated loops of small bowel proximal to the
obstruction
-3-6-9 rule
-Predominantly central dilated loops
-Dilatation > 2.5 - 3 cm
-Gas fluid levels if erect
-“String of Beads”
-“Stack of coins”

26
Q

Use of chest x-ray?

A

Used to indirectly detect small and large bowel pathology (e.g., perforation)

27
Q

+ves of ultrasound of abdomen?

A

-Reduced risks to patient
-Non contrast
-No ionising radiation
-Very good at identifying evidence of intra-abdominal free fluid
-Can be used to assess vascular structures to the midgut, and the appendix

28
Q

-ves of ultrasound of abdomen?

A

-Less sensitive than other imaging modalities
-Unable to rule out serious complications or
acute pathology within the midgut

29
Q

What can you see on ultrasound of small bowel?

A
30
Q

Features of appendix on ultrasound?

A

-Normal appendix visible in around 1/3
-Small diameter (less than 6mm)
-Compressible structure (non compressible)
-Scarce vascularisation (hypervascular)
-Mobile
-Air containing (no air)

31
Q

+ves of CT?

A

-CT abdomen with IV contrast enhancement, CT angiogram, CT colonography…
-Effective in identifying acute abdominal pathology within the midgut
-Cheap
-Readily available
-Higher sensitivity and specificity than ultrasound or plain film in identifying gross pathology

32
Q

-ves of CT?

A

-High radiation exposure compared to other
modalities
-Contrast related risks
-Cumulative expense

33
Q

What is a normal abdominal CT?

A

-Small bowel centrally
-Ascending and descending both secondarily retroperitoneal-look in gutters

34
Q

How do you imagine a CT?

A

Looking upwards from legs

35
Q

What does this show?

A

-Malrotation of midgut
-Large bowel on left
-Small bowel on right

36
Q

+ves of fluoroscopy?

A

-Non-invasive when compared to endoscopic approaches
-Less radiation than CT
-Useful test if endoscopy not an option

37
Q

-ves of fluroscopy?

A

-Difficult to exclude smaller mucosal abnormalities
-Exposure to ionising radiation
-Not always well tolerated

38
Q

What is shown on fluoroscopy of abdomen?

A
39
Q

What does this show?

A

-Crohns disease/inflammatory bowel disease
-Strictures/obstruction/diverticula
-Abnormal masses or polyps
-Cancers
-Post-surgical complications

40
Q

+ves of MRI?

A

-Less ionising radiation
-Can provide excellent detail of the small bowel when compared to other modalities
-Can provide dynamic information about function of midgut structures

41
Q

-ves of MRI?

A

-Expensive
-Many contraindications
-Not as widely accessible
-Patient needs to lie still for a long period

42
Q

What techniques can be used to examine hindgut?

A

-CT
-CT virtual colonoscopy

43
Q

What is shown on CT of large bowel?

A
44
Q

What does a large bowl obstruction look like on CT?

A
45
Q

What is a CT virtual colonoscopy used for?

A

-Identifying colorectal cancer
-Colon evaluation after incomplete or unsuccessful conventional colonoscopy or in patients with contraindications to conventional colonoscopy.
-Assessment of strictures

46
Q

Procedure of CT virtual colonoscopy?

A
  1. patient preparation
  2. bowel distension
  3. intravenous contrast
  4. antispasmodic agent
47
Q

CT vs MRI?

A

-CT is better as looking at the abdomen & pelvis as a whole & identifying complications
-MRI gives better soft tissue resolution which allows for better detail when imaging the anal canal & anal sphincter complex

48
Q

What does an MRI of anal canal loom like - what structures can be seen?

A
49
Q

What does a perinatal abscess look like on MRI?

A
50
Q

Angiogram of IMA?

A

Anatomy (21 decks)

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