Lower Limb - Movements

Question 1

Define these with a drawing:

Superficial vs Deep
Proximal vs Distal
Superior vs Inferior
Medial vs Lateral
Anterior/Ventral vs Posterior/Dorsal
Internal vs External

Answer 1

Question 2

What does flexion of the knee look like?

Answer 2

Move knee backwards

Question 3

What does extension of the knee look like?

Answer 3

Move knee forwards - stood straight

Question 4

What does hyperextension of the knee look like?

Answer 4

DO NOT TRY!

Question 5

Summarise flexion & extension of the knee.

Answer 5

Question 6

What does flexion of the hip look like?

Answer 6

Flex outwards/forwards

Question 7

What does extension of the hip look like?

Answer 7

Extend inwards/backwards - so stood straight

Question 8

What does hyperextension of the hip look like?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is abduction of the hip & what does it look like?

Answer 9

Moving away from trunk (like aliens abduct humans away from earth)

Question 10

What is adduction of the hip & what does it look like?

Answer 10

Moving towards trunk - so stood straight

Question 11

Summarise flexion, extension, abduction & adduction of the hip.

Answer 11

Question 12

What does external/lateral rotation of the hip look like?

Answer 12

Question 13

What does internal/medial rotation of hip look like?

Answer 13

Question 14

What does plantarflexion of the foot look like?

Answer 14

(In motion - move foot so is flat - downwards)
-Bottom surface = plantar surface (‘touching the plants’)

Question 15

What does dorsiflexion of the foot look like?

Answer 15

(In motion - move foot upwards)
-Top surface = dorsal surface

Question 16

Show plantarflexion of foot.

Answer 16

Question 17

Show dorsiflexion of foot.

Answer 17

Question 18

What does inversion of the foot look like?

Answer 18

Bring sole inwards

Inverted foot = most unstable position for foot - even more so if is plantarflexed too

Question 19

What does eversion of the foot look like?

Answer 19

Bring sole outwards

Question 20

What does flexion of the digits (fingers or toes) look like?

Answer 20

Fist!

Question 21

What does extension of the digits (fingers & toes) look like?

Answer 21

Question 22

What would you look like if you performed:
Flexion of the Hip
Flexion of the Knee
External Rotation of the Hip
Plantarflexion
Extra: Abduction of the Shoulder
- on both sides?

Answer 22

Sat on floor - legs crossed - arms out

Question 23

What is supination a movement of?

Answer 23

Turning of hands

Question 24

What are elevation & depression a movement of?

Answer 24

Shoulders

Question 25

What is hyperflexion a movement of?

Answer 25

Neck

Question 26

What are the 3 main types of joints?

Answer 26

-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial

Question 27

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 27

2 bones are united by fibrous tissue
–> immovable

Question 28

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 28

Bone/bones united by cartilage (often hyaline cartilage)
–> limited movement

Question 29

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 29

Synovial capsule with membrane, fluid & cavity
–> movable

Question 30

Give 3 examples of fibrous joints?

Answer 30

-Cranial sutures
-Syndesmoses
-Gomphoses

Question 31

What is a cranial suture?

Answer 31

Formed after development for brain to grow into skull - then fuses together

Question 32

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 32

Between 2 bones
Examples:
-ligaments
-interosseous memb

Found between - ulna & radius and tibia & fibula

Question 33

What are gomphoses?

Answer 33

-What teeth stick into - into bone
-Specific to gums

Gomphoses = joint that binds teeth to bony sockets (dental alveoli) - so anchor teeth into their sockets

Question 34

Give 2 examples of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 34

-Primary synchondroses
-Secondary symphysis

Question 35

What is primary synchondroses?

Answer 35

Rib & costal cartilage

Where hyaline cartilage fully fuses 2 bones together

Question 36

What is secondary symphysis?

Answer 36

Gets weaker during pregnancy to prepare for birth - weakens pubic bone so can move apart
-Made of x2 pelvic bones

Made of fibrocartilage - mostly found along midline of body

Question 37

Give 6 examples of synovial joints?

Answer 37

-Plane
-Hinge
-Saddle
-Pivot
-Condyloid
-Ball + Socket

Question 38

What are plane joints?

Answer 38

-In foot
-For sliding 2 bones
-Allows for inversion & eversion

Question 39

What are hinge joints?

Answer 39

-In elbow & knee
-Elbow - if hyperextend = bone breaks
-Knee - can hyperextend without bone breaking - as is a modified hinge joint

Question 40

What are saddle joints?

Answer 40

-In thumb - allows for all thumb’s movements

Question 41

What are pivot joints?

Answer 41

-In hand
-For turning - moves hands to upper & lower surfaces

Question 42

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 42

-In hand
-For supraduction - so can move hand in circles
-Gives the hand many movements
-So can wave w/ hand

Question 43

What are ball & socket joints?

Answer 43

-In hip & shoulder
-Fair bit of mobility
-Hip ones - must hold all weight above
-Shoulder ones - no weight to hold above

Question 44

Name the 3 large muscles in the thigh? WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?

Answer 44

Question 45

Name the fascia that runs between the ilium & tibia? WHAT IS IT ATTACHING TO?

Answer 45

Ilio-tibial tract

Question 46

Name the muscle in front of & the muscle behind the tibia? WHERE IS IT?

Answer 46

-Front = anterior tibialis
-Back = posterior tibialis

Question 47

Name the 2 muscles that cause flexion of the digits - one in leg & one in foot? WHAT IS IT DOING?

Answer 47

-Leg = flexor digitorum longus
-Foot = flexor digitorum brevis