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Anatomy > Foregut > Flashcards

Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the foregut?

A

-Oesophagus
-Stomach
-Liver
-Pancreas
-Gall bladder
-Spleen
-Duodenum

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2
Q

What is peritoneum?

A

Continuous sheet made of 1 layer of mesothelial
(simple squamous epithelial) cells

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of peritonea?

A
  • Parietal peritoneum – lines the abdominal cavity (covers walls of abdomen)
  • Visceral peritoneum – lines the abdominal viscera (covers viscera of suspended organs)
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4
Q

Role of the peritoneum?

A

-Protects organs
-Covering for neurovascular & lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Where does peritoneum begin?

A

At the ‘bare area’ of liver at coronary ligament

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6
Q

Name of area created between the
parietal and visceral peritoneum?

A

Potential space/cavity (filled by SI & viscera – so space is v. small)
= space between structures - only potential/possible & not real

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7
Q

What 2 spaces are within peritoneal cavity?

A

-Lesser sac
-Greater sac
–> both = potential spaces
-Fluid

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8
Q

Role of peritoneal cavity?

A

Should contain thin film of peritoneal fluid =
-Water
-Electrolytes
-Leukocytes
-Antibodies
= lubricant - free movement of abdominal viscera & antibodies fight infection

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9
Q

What is the name of a double layer of visceral peritoneum, & where is it found?

A

-Mesentery
-Connects an intraperitoneal (fully covered) organ to posterior abdominal wall organ (retroperitoneal organ)

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10
Q

What is mesentery?

A

= Double layer of visceral peritoneum - envelopes the intestines (abdominal wall to organ)
* Mesocolon
* Mesentery

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11
Q

Role of mesentery?

A

= Pathway for nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics to travel from the body wall to the viscera.
-mesenteric arteries – sup or inf (mid & hindgut)

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12
Q

Name of SI mesentery?

A

The mesentery

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13
Q

How to name mesentery of organs other than SI?

A

= According to the viscera it connects to

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14
Q

Name of mesentery of colon called (transverse & sigmoid)?

A

Transverse (and sigmoid) mesocolons

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15
Q

What is the greater omenta?

A

4 layers of visceral peritoneum - x2 double layers on top of each other
(i.e., x2 mesenteries that have joined)
-Between stomach & transverse colon
-Descends from greater curvature of stomach & proximal part of duodenum, then folds back up & attaches to ant surface of transverse colon

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16
Q

What is the lesser omenta?

A

-One double layer of visceral peritoneum - between organs
-Attaches from the lesser curvature of the stomach & proximal part of duodenum to liver
-Hepatogastric ligament of LO joins stomach & liver

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17
Q

What is the omental/epiploic foramen?

A

Entry from lesser sac to/from greater sac
-Where lesser omentum is not joined to liver (due to duodenum attachment to liver = free edge of lesser omentum)
-Leads into lesser sac

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18
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

A

Enveloped on all surfaces by visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

Only one surface covered by parietal peritoneum (SAD PUCKER)
-(Viscera in the extraperitoneal fascia)

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20
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

*S = Suprarenal Glands (the adrenal glands)
*A = Aorta/IVC
*D =Duodenum (except the proximal 2cm)
*P = Pancreas (except the tail)
*U = Ureters
*C = Colon (ascending and descending parts)
*K = Kidneys
*E = (O)esophagus
*R = Rectum

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21
Q

Which type intra/retro organs have more movement/are more mobile?

A

Retroperitoneal

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22
Q

What is deep to transversalis fascia?

A

Extraperitoneal fascia (separates transversalis fascia from the peritoneum)

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23
Q

What is deep to extraperitoneal fascia?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What does foregut begin as?

A

-Stomach & duodenum attached to body wall by dorsal mesogastrium (back) & ventral mesogastrium (front)

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25
Q

How does the lesser omentum form from ventral mesogastrium?

A

-Rotation of stomach, duodenum, vent meso = vent meso moves right –> along lesser curv of stomach & top of proximal duodenum
-Liver grows in ventral mesogastrium
-Lesser omentum = vent mes (when attaches stomach to liver)

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26
Q

How does lesser sac form?

A

From rapid growth of liver in ventral mesogastrium = pressure on body wall - removes some parietal peritoneum

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27
Q

Which part of mesograstium does spleen develop in?

A

Dorsal

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28
Q

How does the greater omentum form?

A

-Greater omentum moves downwards to transverse colon = join
-Transverse mesocolon & greater omentum join
= 4 layers lower down (but 2 layers higher up)

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29
Q

Types of retroperitoneal organs?

A

-Primary = developed & remain outside parietal peritoneum –> oesophagus, rectum & kidneys

-Secondary = initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery - BUT - over embryogenesis became retroperitoneal as mesenteries fused w/ post ab wall –> asc & desc colon
–>Adults = only ant surface covered w/ peritoneum

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30
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

A retroperitoneal organ

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31
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Mesentery

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32
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Intraperitoneal organ

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33
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Parietal peritoneum

34
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Visceral peritoneum

35
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Lesser omentum

36
Q

What is this pointing at?

A

Greater omentum (fatty apron)

37
Q

Where are mesenteric arteries?

A

In mesenteries

38
Q

What is the portal triad, & where is it found?

A

Made up of:
-Hepatic artery proper
-Hepatic portal vein
-Common bile duct
–> in the hepatoduodenal ligament

39
Q

Mesentery vs lesser omentum?

A

-Mesentery = double layer of visceral peritoneum - connects intraperitoneal organ to abdominal wall
-LO = 1 double layer of visceral peritoneum - between organs (liver & stomach)

40
Q

What is the lesser omentum formed from?

A

-Hepatoduodenal (free edge, containing the portal triad) ligament
—> connects liver & duodenum
-Hepatogastric (flat, broad sheet) ligament
—> connects stomach & liver

41
Q

Where do the omental/epiploic arteries run?

A

Greater omentum

42
Q

What vertebral levels does oesophagus start & end at?

A

C6 - T11

43
Q

At what vertebral level does oesophagus pass through diaphragm?

A

T10 (as are 10 letters in oesophagus)

44
Q

At what vertebral level does vena cava pass through diaphragm?

A

T8 (as are 8 letters in vena cava)

45
Q

At what vertebral level does aorta pass through diaphragm?

A

T12 (as is 12 letters in aortic hiatus)

46
Q

What part of oesophagus is in foregut?

A

Abdominal oesophagus

47
Q

Name of where oesophagus enters stomach?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

48
Q

Label the 4 parts of stomach

A
49
Q

Passage out of stomach into duodenum order

A

-Pyloric antrum
-Pyloric canal
-Pyloric sphincter
-Duodenum

50
Q

What joins at greater curvature of stomach?

A

-Gastrosplenic ligaments = connects stomach to spleen
-Gastrophrenic ligaments = connects stomach to diaphragm
-Gastrocolic ligaments = connects stomach greater curvature (goes down then back up) to transverse colon

51
Q

What joins at lesser curvature of stomach?

A

Lesser omentum:
-Hepatoduodenal ligaments
-Hepatogastric ligaments

52
Q

What are peritoneal ligaments?

A

Double fold of peritoneum connecting viscera together OR connects viscera to ab wall
-Role = to hold ‘stuff’ in place

53
Q

Name of angle that oesophagus enters stomach at?

A

= Angle of His
(an acute angle created between cardia)

54
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter & what is its role?

A

-End of pylorus of stomach
-Stays closed when food being churned into chyme
-When pressure is high enough = forced open - chyme moved into duodenum

55
Q

What is the cardial notch?

A

Superior angle created when oesophagus enters stomach

56
Q

What type of sphincter is the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

-Anatomical sphincter –> striated muscle sphincter
-@ junction between pharynx & oesophagus
-Constricts to prevent air into oesophagus

57
Q

What type of sphincter is the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

-Physiological sphincter –> no specific sphincteric muscle (smooth muscle?)

58
Q

How does LOS work if no muscle?

A

-Acute angle oes enters stomach = prevents back-flow

-Walls of the intra-abdominal part of oes = compressed when is +ve intra-abdominal pressure

-Smooth mucosal folds at the gastro-oesophageal junction help block lumen

-Right crus of the diaphragm has a “pinch-cock” effect (helps pinch off) - in oesophageal peristalsis sphincter relaxes so food can enter stomach

59
Q

4 parts of duodenum?

A
60
Q

Where is the major duodenal papilla?

A

Descending part of duodenum

61
Q

What is the significance of the major duodenal papilla?

A

Entrance for the bile and pancreatic ducts

62
Q

What is the significance of the minor duodenal papilla?

A

Entrance for pancreatic ducts

63
Q

Which parts of duodenum are foregut & midgut?

A

-Foregut = superior & descending
-Midgut = inferior & ascending

64
Q

What vertebral level is the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

T11

65
Q

What type of epithelium lines the internal surface of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

66
Q

Through which muscular valve-like structure does chyme exit the stomach and enter the duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

67
Q

What C shaped organ surrounds the head of the pancreas?

A

Duodenum

68
Q

The hilum of which organ is associated with the tail of the pancreas?

A

Spleen

69
Q

What is a hilum?

A

A gateway for blood vessels to enter/exit

70
Q

What structure marks the division between the foregut and the midgut?

A

Major duodenal papilla

71
Q

What muscular structure separates the liver from the lungs?

A

Diaphragm

72
Q

What peritoneal fold originates on the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Greater omentum

73
Q

What branch of the abdominal aorta supplies the foregut viscera?

A

Coeliac trunk

74
Q

What vertebral level does coeliac trunk arise from?

A

Lower T12 - upper L1

75
Q

What are peritoneal reflections?

A

Layers of peritoneum connecting viscera (i.e., connects organs)

76
Q

Role of peritoneal cavity?

A

Should contain thin film of peritoneal fluid =
-Water
-Electrolytes
-Leukocytes
-Antibodies.
= lubricant - free movement of abdominal viscera & antibodies fight infection

77
Q

Omenta vs mesenteries vs ligaments?

A

Omenta
= double layer of peritoneum –> connects abd viscera to other viscera

Mesenteries
= double layer of peritoneum –> connects abd viscera to walls

Ligaments
= double layer of peritoneum –> connects abd viscera to other viscera OR connects abd viscera to walls

78
Q

How is peritoneal cavity of males & females different & why?

A

-Males = closed
-Females = open
–> as uterine tubes open into peritoneal cavity

79
Q

What are subperitoneal organs?

A

= Below the peritoneum
–> Have pelvis viscera
-Bladder
-Rectum
-Uterus (F)

80
Q

What are the lymphatics draining the stomach?

A

-Gastric LNs = @ lesser curvature
-Gastro-omental LNs = @ greater curvature
—> both @ curvatures of stomach

Anatomy (21 decks)

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