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Phase 1 AR > The Auditory System AR > Flashcards

The Auditory System AR Flashcards

1
Q

Are the central auditory paths bilateral or unilateral representations of sound?

A

Unlike other sensory systems, the auditory paths are bilateral, i.e., input from both ears reaches the auditory cortex in both hemispheres

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2
Q

What is the first step in hearing?

A

The entrance of the sound waves into the external auditory canal

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3
Q

Where is the pinna (auricle) found?

A

The pinna is the visible part of the ear that resides outside the head.
it helps to amplify and direct the sound waves.

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4
Q

What is marks the end of the external ear and the start of the middle ear?

A

The tympanic membrane

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5
Q

Is the middle ear filled with fluid or air?

A

The middle ear is air filled.

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6
Q

What structure allows the middle ear to have an equal pressure to the external ear and the atmosphere?

A

The eustachian tube

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7
Q

Where does the eustachian tube connect the middle ear to?

A

The pharynx

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8
Q

What effect does yawning, swallowing and sneezing have on the eustachian tube?

A

These actions open the slit like ending of the tube in the pharynx which is normally closed. This equalises the pressure in the middle ear, preventing the tympanic membrane stretching and the pain associated with this.

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9
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

When the oval window doesn’t vibrate due to the 3 bones in the middle ear fusing or a build up of excess wax.

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10
Q

Give the order of the 3 bones in the middle ear from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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11
Q

Describe the cochlea

A

The cochlea (inner ear) is a spiral shaped fluid filled space in the temporal bone.

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12
Q

Why must the sound pressure be amplified when transmitted to the inner ear?

A

Because liquid is more difficult to move than fluid.

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13
Q

What is the name given to the membrane covered opening that separated the middle and inner ear?

A

The oval window.

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14
Q

How is amplification of the sound wave into the inner ear achieved?

A

Total force from tympanic membrane is transmitted to the oval window.
F = P/A
Aow Ptm
F per unit area is increased about 15-20 times

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15
Q

How can the energy transmitted into the inner ear be reduced?

A

By contractions of 2 small skeletal muscles in the inner ear:
- The tensor tympani
- The stapedius
These reflexly protect the inner ear

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16
Q

Which bone does the tensor tympani attach to?

A

Tensor tympani attaches to the malleus.

Contraction dampens the movement

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17
Q

Which bone does the stapedius muscle attach to?

A

The stapedius attaches to the stapedius.

18
Q

What is the name of the membranous tube which almost completely divides the cochlea lengthways?

A

The cochlear duct

19
Q

What does the cochlear duct contain?

A

The sensory receptors of the auditory system

Endolymph

20
Q

Explain why the endolymph is atypical ([Na+] and [K+])

A

[K+] = high
[Na+] = low
This is like the intracellular compartments of cels

21
Q

What is the name of the fluid which is in the compartments on the other sides of the cochlear duct. It has a similar composition to CSF

A

Perilymph

22
Q

What is the name of the compartment above the cochlear duct?

A

Scala vestibuli

23
Q

What is the name of the compartment below the cochlear?

A

Scala tympani

24
Q

Where does the scala vestibuli start?

A

The scala vestibuli starts at the oval window

25
Q

What connects the middle ear to the inner ear via a second membrane?
What is this membrane opening called?

A

The scala tympani (below the cochlear duct) connects to the middle ear at a second window called the round window

26
Q

Where is the basilar membrane?

A

The side of the cochlear duct near the scala tympani (lower side)

27
Q

What sits on the basilar membrane?

A

The organ of Corti

This contains the ears sensitive receptor cells

28
Q

The wall of the scala vestibuli is mainly wall. Give the 2 directions that the pressure waves can dissipate.

A

Along the scala vestibuli and around to the scala vestibuli.
Most of the pressure is transmitted across the cochlear duct.

29
Q

Where in the cochlear are high frequencies detected?

A

High frequencies are detected nearer the middle ear.

Nearest the middle ear the basilar membrane is narrow and still so moves more easily with higher frequencies.

30
Q

What is the name of the receptor cells in the organ of Corti called?

A

Hair cells

  • Mechanoreceptors
  • have hair like stereo-cilia at one end
31
Q

How many rows of inner hair cells are there?

a) single
b) double
c) three
d) multiple

A

Inner hair cell = single

32
Q

How many rows of outer hair cells are there?

a) single
b) double
c) three
d) multiple

A

Outer = 3

3 letters in out

33
Q

Give the mechanism by which an inner hair cell works

A

Stereo cilia of inner hair cell extends into endolymph.

Traduces the pressure waves caused by the movement of fluid into receptor potentials.

34
Q

Explain the mechanism by which an outer hair cell works

A

The stereo cilia of an outer hair cell are embedded in an overlying tectorial membrane.
They alter the tectorial membranes movement in a way to sharpen the frequency tuning at each point along the basilar membrane

35
Q

What causes the basilar membrane to vibrate?

A

Pressure differences across the basilar membrane

36
Q

What causes the stereocillia to bend?

A

Basilar membrane is displaced by pressure changes.
Hair cells move in relation to the stationary tectorial membrane.
Hair cells bend towards the tallest member in their bundle and form tip links

37
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released from hair cells?

A

Glutamate

38
Q

How are different frequencies heard?

A

Each frequency corresponds to a specific part along the basilar membrane.
Each hair cell responds to a limited frequency range (depending on its position on the membrane)
Sends the signal to a corresponding branch on the cochlear nerve

39
Q

How are outer hair cells protected?

A

By efferent nerve fibres from the brainstem. They can dampen their response and thus protect them.

40
Q

What is tinnitis?

A

‘ringing in the ears’

  • temporary/permenant
  • from persistent, inappropriate activation of afferent cochlear neurones following hair cell damage/loss
41
Q

How is frequency (pitch) determined?

A

It’s encoded in nerves by location along the basilar membrane.
The neurones that are mapped along the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe in a way that corresponds to the region along the basilar membrane.

42
Q

How is intensity (loudness) determined?

A

It’s encoded in nerves by numbers of cells & nerves responding and by firing rate of AP

Phase 1 AR (34 decks)

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