Neuro anatomy AR

Question 1

Embryonically where is the cerebrum derived from?

Answer 1

Telencephalon

Question 2

How is the grey matter organised in the brain and what is it associated with?

Answer 2

Grey matter forms the surface of each cerebral hemisphere (cerebral cortext) and is associated with processing and cognition

Question 3

Where is the white matter in the brain and what does it consist of?

Answer 3

The white matter forms the bulk of the deeper prats of the brain and is made of glial cells and myelinated axons that connect various grey matter areas

Question 4

What are the names of the parts of the cerebral cortex which are responsible for its convoluted appearance?

Answer 4

Sulci = grooves Gyri = ridges/elevations

Question 5

Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?

Answer 5

Frontal and parietal

Question 6

Which lobes are separated by the lateral sulcus?

Answer 6

The frontal and parietal from the temporal lobe

Question 7

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 7

Personality Higher cognitive function Planning Emotions Behavioural control Problem solving Speech expression (Broca’s_

Question 8

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 8

Episodic memory. Memory of facts Language Speech comprehension (Wrenicke’s)

Question 9

What is the name of the structure which separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum?

Answer 9

Tentorium cerebellum

Question 10

Where is the primary visual cortex?

Answer 10

The occipital lobe

Question 11

Which cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid arteries?

Answer 11

The anterior cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries

Question 12

Which part of the cerebrum does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 12

The anteriomedial aspect of the cerebrum

Question 13

Which part of the cerebrum does the middle cerebral artery supply?

Answer 13

The lateral parts of the cerebrum

Question 14

Which part of the cerebrum does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 14

The lateral and medial sides of the cerebrum posteriorly

Question 15

Which part of the cerebrum does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

Answer 15

The lateral and medial sides of the cerebrum posteriorly

Question 16

Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: A diverse range of presentations, often personality and behavioural changes occur and an inability to solve problems develops.

Answer 16

Frontal lobe

Question 17

Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: attention deficits e.g. contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome: where the patient does not pay attention to the side of the body opposite to the lesion.

Answer 17

Parietal lobe

Question 18

Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: recognition deficits (agnosias) e.g. auditory agnosia: patient cannot recognise basic sounds, prosopagnosia: failure to recognise faces.

Answer 18

Temporal lobe

Question 19

Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing.

Answer 19

Occipital lobe

Question 20

Where is Wernicke’s area?

Answer 20

The temporal lobe

Question 21

Damage to which area results in fluent aphasia? - the person can speak fluently but it lacks meaning

Answer 21

Wrenches’ area

Question 22

What is Wrenicke’s area associated with?

Answer 22

Understanding speech and language

Question 23

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 23

The frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

Question 24

What is Broca’s area associated with?

Answer 24

Language production and output

Question 25

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 25

Calculation Spelling Object/space perception Body sense & position

Question 26

Are the majority of people left or right dominant?

Answer 26

Left (LD) 95% of right handed people = LD 60% of left handed people = LD 20% of left handed people = shared dominance

Question 27

How are Broca’s area and Wrenicke’s area connected?

Answer 27

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 28

Where are the substantia nigra and the red nucleus?

Answer 28

Midbrain

Question 29

What are the functions of the midbrain?

Answer 29

Conciousness. Vision & hearing Motor function

Question 30

Which part of the brainstem is in control of the voluntary functions e.g. respiration and conciousness

Answer 30

Pons

Question 31

Which part of the brainstem regulates respiration, cardiac function and vasodilation?

Answer 31

Medulla oblongata

Question 32

Which part of the brainstem controls reflexes such as vomiting, coughing and sneezing?

Answer 32

Medulla oblongata

Question 33

Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibres?

Answer 33

3, 7, 9, 10 (+ 3 spinal nerves S2-4)

Question 34

What is the blood brain barrier made up of?

Answer 34

Endothelial cells of capillaries Basement membrane (including pia mater) Astrocytic foot processes

Question 35

Where do Berry aneurysms commonly occur? What type of haemorrhage can they cause?

Answer 35

At the junctions in the circle of Willis. They are congenital and their rupture is the leading cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage