Neuro anatomy AR Flashcards
Embryonically where is the cerebrum derived from?
Telencephalon
How is the grey matter organised in the brain and what is it associated with?
Grey matter forms the surface of each cerebral hemisphere (cerebral cortext) and is associated with processing and cognition
Where is the white matter in the brain and what does it consist of?
The white matter forms the bulk of the deeper prats of the brain and is made of glial cells and myelinated axons that connect various grey matter areas
What are the names of the parts of the cerebral cortex which are responsible for its convoluted appearance?
Sulci = grooves Gyri = ridges/elevations
Which lobes are separated by the central sulcus?
Frontal and parietal
Which lobes are separated by the lateral sulcus?
The frontal and parietal from the temporal lobe
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Personality Higher cognitive function Planning Emotions Behavioural control Problem solving Speech expression (Broca’s_
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Episodic memory. Memory of facts Language Speech comprehension (Wrenicke’s)
What is the name of the structure which separates the occipital lobe and the cerebellum?
Tentorium cerebellum
Where is the primary visual cortex?
The occipital lobe
Which cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid arteries?
The anterior cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries
Which part of the cerebrum does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
The anteriomedial aspect of the cerebrum
Which part of the cerebrum does the middle cerebral artery supply?
The lateral parts of the cerebrum
Which part of the cerebrum does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
The lateral and medial sides of the cerebrum posteriorly
Which part of the cerebrum does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
The lateral and medial sides of the cerebrum posteriorly
Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: A diverse range of presentations, often personality and behavioural changes occur and an inability to solve problems develops.
Frontal lobe
Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: attention deficits e.g. contralateral hemispatial neglect syndrome: where the patient does not pay attention to the side of the body opposite to the lesion.
Parietal lobe
Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: recognition deficits (agnosias) e.g. auditory agnosia: patient cannot recognise basic sounds, prosopagnosia: failure to recognise faces.
Temporal lobe
Which lobe could have been damaged if a patient presents with: visual field defects: contralateral hemianopia or quadrantanopia with macular sparing.
Occipital lobe
Where is Wernicke’s area?
The temporal lobe
Damage to which area results in fluent aphasia? - the person can speak fluently but it lacks meaning
Wrenches’ area
What is Wrenicke’s area associated with?
Understanding speech and language
Where is Broca’s area?
The frontal lobe of the left hemisphere
What is Broca’s area associated with?
Language production and output
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Calculation Spelling Object/space perception Body sense & position
Are the majority of people left or right dominant?
Left (LD) 95% of right handed people = LD 60% of left handed people = LD 20% of left handed people = shared dominance
How are Broca’s area and Wrenicke’s area connected?
Arcuate fasciculus
Where are the substantia nigra and the red nucleus?
Midbrain
What are the functions of the midbrain?
Conciousness. Vision & hearing Motor function
Which part of the brainstem is in control of the voluntary functions e.g. respiration and conciousness
Pons
Which part of the brainstem regulates respiration, cardiac function and vasodilation?
Medulla oblongata
Which part of the brainstem controls reflexes such as vomiting, coughing and sneezing?
Medulla oblongata
Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibres?
3, 7, 9, 10 (+ 3 spinal nerves S2-4)
What is the blood brain barrier made up of?
Endothelial cells of capillaries Basement membrane (including pia mater) Astrocytic foot processes
Where do Berry aneurysms commonly occur? What type of haemorrhage can they cause?
At the junctions in the circle of Willis. They are congenital and their rupture is the leading cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage
