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Phase 1 AR > GI Histo > Flashcards

GI Histo Flashcards

1
Q

This is taken from the lip. What is the arrow pointing to?

A

The upper surface of the lip consists of hairy skin and the red arrow is pointing to a hair follicle

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2
Q

For the lips give

a) Mucosa
b) Fibers in connective tissue
c) Structures in the deep layers

A

a) Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium
b) sub-mucosa of collagen and elastin with small vessels to keep them moist
c) deep layers of skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

The abrupt transition between stratified squamous keratinising epithelium and non-keratinising epithelium

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4
Q

On the inner lip, what opens on to the surface instead of hair follicles?

A

Sebaceous glands (Fordyce’s spots)

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5
Q

The tongue contains two types of skeletal muscle fibers.

Intrinsic and extrinsic.

What is the difference?

A

Intrinsic fibers attach to the fibrous connective tissue of the underlying mucosa

Extrinsic fibers attach to the lower jaw

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6
Q

What type of epithelium is on

a) the ventral (upper) surface of the tounge
b) the dorsal (lower) surface of the tounge

A

Ventral = SSNKE

Dorsal = SSKE (constant abrasion)

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7
Q

This has been taken from the tounge. What is it?

A

A small serous salivary gland

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8
Q

This has been taken from the tongue. What is?

A

Mucus secreting salivary gland

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9
Q

Where has this been taken from?

A

The tongue.

Contains mixed sero-mucous salivary glands

Lymph nodes - particullary in the posterior 1/3rd of tounge (linguninal tonsils)

Coarse multi-directional skeletal muscle bundles

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10
Q

Where has this been taken from?

A

The upper surface of the tounge

SSKE

Connective tissue

2 types of salivary glands

Large bundles of stirated muscle

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11
Q

The dorsal tongue surface has complex folds. What are these called and give the two types?

A

Papillae

Filiform papillae (threadlike) = most common, tall, pointed & cover whole anterior 2/3

Fingiform papillae (mushroom-like) = @ tip and sides. Have pale staining, spindle shaped taste buds w/ nerve & synaptic vesicles

Circumvallate papillae (V shaped row) @ margin between the ant 2/3 and post 1/3 of tongue

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12
Q

Where are the following tastes detected on the tongue?

a) Sweet
b) Salty
c) Sour
d) Bitter

A

a) Sweet = tip
b) Salty = front/side
c) Sour = further back
d) Bitter = whole back

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13
Q

What is shown here?

A

Part of the surface of the tongue.

2 paler staining taste buds embedded in the opposing sides of adjacent fungiform papillae.

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14
Q

What type of papillae is this?

A

Fungiform papillae

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15
Q

This has been taken near the surface of the tongue. What is it?

A

Small nerve in the sub-mucosa of the tongue

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16
Q

The parotid gland:

a) What is shown here?
b) What are the surrounding cells?

A

The parotid gland:

a) What is shown here? Stirated duct
b) What are the surrounding cells? Serous acini

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17
Q

The Parotid Gland:

a) What enzyme is the serous secretion rich in?
b) Where in the oral cavity do the ducts enter the oral cavity?

A

The Parotid Gland:

a) What enzyme is the serous secretion rich in? Alpha amylase (Starch digestion)
b) Where in the oral cavity do the ducts enter the oral cavity? Adjacent to the 1st upper molar teeth

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18
Q

The Parotid Gland:

Describe:

a) The secretory cells
b) The duct cells

A

Secretory cells = Pyramidal, spherical nuclei, basal cyt full of RER, apex contains prominent secretory granules (pink staining)

Duct cells = simple cuboidal (stratified @ distal end)

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19
Q

What is this?

A

A large parotid duct lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium.

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20
Q

What is this?

A

This is a large lymph node, a common feature of the parotid gland

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21
Q

The Parotid Gland

A

C - bottom is a nerve

D - is a lrage lymph node

Parotid saliva contains IgA (from plasma), combines with proteinous pieces so reaches intestine unmodified by amylase

Stirated duct - from invaginations, indicative of water reabsorbtion

Source of epidermal growth factor

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22
Q

a) Which gland has this been taken from?
c) What type of secretion does it produce?
b) What type of cells have stained pale?

A

Sublingual salivary gland

  • Mainly mucus
  • Pale staining secretory cells
  • Branched tubular acinar glands
  • Sticky mucus rich secretion (food bolus)
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23
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

A darker staining duct of the sublingual salivary gland with simple cuboidal epithelium

Major consituent = polysaccharide

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24
Q

The sublingunal salivary gland:

What is the following structure?

A

Parasympathetic nerve ganglion showing a collection of nerve bodies.

Involved in secretion regulation

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25
Describe the the submandibular gland. What is shown on the left and the right of this picture?
**Submandibular saivary glands (mixed)** - Well defined/globular - Branched tubulo-acinar - Interspaced with fat **adipose** - Mixed = part mucus + part enzyme rich
26
The submandibular gland: What are the red arrows pointing to?
**Demi-lunes** (half moons) - Made by serous cells at closed ends of tubules
27
What is this?
The epiglottis @ the posterior of the tongue. ## Footnote - boundary of the oropharynx and the laryngeal pharynx
28
The epiglottis: ## Footnote a) What type of epithelium is this? b) Where on the epiglottis would this not be found and what would be found instead?
Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium Not found in the **posterior lower surface - psuedo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium** (respiratory)
29
What does the epiglottis contain?
1. Elastic cartilage plate 2. Lymph nodules (submucosa) 3. Salivary glands (submucosa)
30
This has been taken from the back of the tongue. What is it?
A **mixed sero-mucous gland** in the tongue Pale staining = **Mucous tubules** Darker staining = **S****erous element**
31
What is this?
A taste bud surrounded by squamous epithelium
32
Which of the following are true? a) This is serous acini b) Central rounded nuclei c) Ducts are lined by cuboidal/columnar epithelium d) This is a parotid gland
c) Ducts are lined by cuboidal/columnar epithelium This is a sublingunal gland Basally located nuclei Mucinous acini
33
Which of the following is true? a) Mucus glands @ bottom b) Serous glands @ top c) This is a submandibular gland d) Produces enzyme secretion rich in alpha amylase
This is a sub**m**andibular gland **Mixed** Serous @ bottom Mucous @ top
34
From this image, work out what nerve is associated with this gland?
**The facial nerve** Purely serous (granules) Parotid
35
Give the layers of the gut tube
**Mucosa =** Inner most Epithelium (folded), connective tissue (lamina propria - w/ lymphoid tissue), smooth muscle ring (muscularis mucosa) **Submucosa** Loose con tissue, glands, lymp tiss, bld vessels, _Meissner's plexus_ (enteric nervous system) **External muscle coat (Muscularis externa)** 2 layers of smooth muscle, _Auerbach's plexus_ (ENS) **Serosa** Simple squamous epithelium
36
Where has this been taken?
**The oesophagus** SSNKE Thin lamina propria Narrow muscularis mucosa (thicker @ gastiric end)
37
What happens to the epithelium of the oesophagus just below the thoracic diaphragm?
- Becomes **simple columnar** (same as gastric epith) - Site of pathological change
38
Box D shows some of the muscle of the muscularis externa. What type of muscle is it and therefore from which region of the oesophagus do you deduce that this specimen of oesophagus was most likely to have been taken?
It is voluntary (striated) muscle typical of the proximal end of the oesophagus. **Muscularis externa:** Upper 1/3 = skeletal Middle 1/3 = mixed Lower 1/3 = smooth
39
Where is the most common place for oesophageal variosities?
The distal end **Sub-mucosa:** Sero-mucous glands (lubrication), large thin walled veins
40
What are the visible longitudinal folds made by the stomach mucosa called?
Rugae
41
Describe **gastric mucosa**
* Simple columnar epithelium - produces acid resistant mucin * Gastric pit invaginations * Several tall staight/branched glands to each pit * Submucosa = loose connective tissue with abundant vessels * Muscularis externa = 3 layers of smooth muscle
42
Why does the muscularis mucosa of the stomach contain elastic?
Prevents the stomach collapsing on emptying
43
What are the green arrows pointing to?
Gastric pit invaginations
44
Gastric mucosa is scattered with pale-staining endocrine cells. What do they produce?
Serotonin Somatostatin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) - These regulate breakdown and delivery to the duodenum
45
a) What is the name of the cells that the red arrows are pointing to? b) Where are these found? c) What are these cells rich in?
a) **Parietal (oxyntic cells)** b) Found @ gastric glands of the _body and fundus_ @ upper part of gland close to pits c) Rich in _carbonic anhydrase_ - Globular in shape & stain bright pink with H&E - Cell surface invaginates. Contains many mitochondira = grainy appearance - pH 2 - Source of intrinsic factor
46
What do these cells secrete?
1. HCl 2. Intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12
47
a) What cells are these? b) Where are these found? c) What do these cells secrete?
**Cheif (zymogenic cells)** b) Deeper in gland neer the muscularis mucosa @ _Body and fundus_ c) Synthesis and secrete pepsinogen and lipases - cytoplasm stains blue with H&E
48
What cells are shown in a) Blue box b) Red box
Blue = Cheif cells Red = Parietal cells
49
Describe the gastic glands
Gastic glands - Tubular @ mucosa - Fill the lamina propria & discharge secretions into gastric pit 3 cells: **Parietal** (HCL & intrinsic factor) **Cheif** (pesinogen) **Mucus neck cells** (lubricant - acid resistant mucus)
50
Which of the following about the gastic glands at the cardiac and pyloric regions of the stomach are true? a) Longer glands b) Straight glands c) Contain parietal cells but not cheif cells d) Mainly contain mucous neck cells
Glands in the cardiac and pyloric regions are: - shorter - coiled - composed mainly of mucous neck cells
51
What is produced in the pyloric region?
Gastrin
52
Where is this?
Gastroduodenal junction Pylorus on the right Duodenum on left
53
What is shown in box C (red)?
Smooth muscle that makes up the pyloric spincter
54
What is the name given to the folds of the intestinal lining? ## Footnote a) Plicae circularis b) Rugae c) Haustrations
**Intestinal lining** folds = **Plicae circularis** Highest @ jejenum Lowest @ distal colon
55
For the intestinal villi, give: ## Footnote a) Epithelium type b) 2 main cell types c) What each villus contains
For the intestinal villi: a) Epithelium type = **Simple columnar epithelium** b) 2 main cell types = **enterocytes and goblet cells** (short cell life, repleced by cells in the crypts) c) Venule, arteriole, lacteal, smooth muscle "milks" blood and lymph from villus - venules and lacteal to **liver**
56
What are the **crypts of Lieberkuhn** and where are they found?
**Crypts of Lieberkuhn** - Contain the stem cell population - Between the villi of the small intestine - New cells from the crypts migrate to the top of the villi & are eventually sloughed off. (5 days)
57
What are the major absorpative cells of the small intestine?
**Enterocytes** - 300 short microvilli on apical surface = **Brush border** - Most nutrients are taken up this way - Water and glucose can be taken up via intracellular pathways
58
What is found on the outer surface of the brush border of the small intestine?
**Glycocalyx** - Filtration - Anchorage for exo-enzymes - High conc of hexose sugars = brush border stains **magenta** with **PAS** (periodic acid schiff)
59
Describe the **duodenum** ## Footnote a) Lenght b) How many goblet cells (lots/few)? c) Submucosa
**Duodenum** a) 12 inches long b) **few** goblet cells (pale staining) c) Submucosa contains mucus secreting **brunner's glands** - the alakaline secretion neutralises the chyme - the vili are broad and leaf like
60
Where has this been taken?
**Duodenum** Submucosa has Brunner's gland which aren't present in the jejenum/ileum Inner circular layer is thicker than outer longitudinal layer of muscularis externa
61
Where has the following been taken from?
**Duodenum crypt** Crypts form new enterocytes and goblet cells Dividing cells have very dark staining nuclei or sets of chromosomes @bottom of crypts = DIFFERENTIATED **PANETH CELLS** Secrete lysozyme - breakdown of bacterial cell walls Regulate flora of gut Bright pink cytoplasmic granules
62
From which part of the small intestine has this been taken from?
**The duodenum** The submucosa here has **Brunner's glands** (not found in the jejenum/ileum) Alkaline secretions to neutralise stomach acid
63
What are the circular folds of the small intestine called?
Plicae circularis
64
Does the jejenum contain many/few goblet cells?
The jejenum contains many goblet cells
65
Where has this been taken?
**Jejenum** Close-packed plicae circularis MANY goblet cells long narrow villi (finger like) short crypts loose submucosa (almost detached from muscularis externa) **no Brunner’s gland or Peyer’s patches** Lymph nodules at lamina propria but do not penetrate submucosa
66
Give the differences between jejenum and ileum for: a) Plicae circularis b) Vili
Jejenum has more tightly packed plicae circularis, longer villi and shorter crypts (less absorption occuring in the ileum)
67
Where has this been taken?
**Ileum** **Payer's patches** @ submucosa (lymphoid tissue) - these erupt the muscularis mucosa into the lamina propria layer
68
What is shown in the bottom here?
**Muscularis externa** Sub muscosa is shown across the middle
69
70
What is shown in the eclipse?
Serosa (simple squamous) shown on the edge of the longitudinal muscle of the ileum
71
Describe the vermiform appendix
From caecum Simple columnar epithelium - No villi Goblet cells Simple crypts Lamina propria and submucosa full of lymphoid tissue (declines w/ age) Mo muscularis mucosa Muscularis externa present transverse smooth muscle at muscularis externa = taenia colis fat filled
72
Where has this been taken from?
The appendix ## Footnote Simple columnar epithelium Rudimentary crypts with few goblet cells Lamina propria and submucosa is full of lymphoid tissue
73
Does the large bowel have large amounts/little microscopic folding?
The large bowel has little folding
74
Explain the histological differences between the segments of the large bowel.
All 4 segments and caecum are histologically similar No vili
75
Describe the mucosa of the small intestine
Mucosa contains close packed crypts with abundant goblet cells and enterocytes Restricted lamina propria (by crypts) Prominent muscularis mucosa Mucosa and sub-mucosa contain lots of **lymph** - GALT (gut) muscularis externa - thickened inner circular layer, outer layer !drawn into 3 longitudinal bands = taeniae coli
76
The mucosa and the submucosa frequently have lymph nodules in them which are part of which system?
GALT - Gut assosiated lymphoid tissue
77
Describe the muscularis externa of the colon
Thickened inner circular layer - smooth muscle Outer layer - drawn up to 3 longitudinal bands - **Taeniae coli**
78
What are the functions of hepatocytes?
1 - Creation and storage of energy in the form of glycogen and fats 2- Uptake, synthesis and excretion of biliruben and bile salts 3- Deamination of amino acids and the production of urea 4- Detoxification and inactivation of drugs by oxidation, mythelation and conjugation 5- Synthesis and sectretion of plasma proteins
79
What is this image?
**Liver** (Low magnification) Polygonal liver lobules surrounded by a clear connective tissue septum. Central vein in the centre and portal triad around the edge
80
Liver lobules contain chains of hepatocytes arranged in cords that converge onto a central vein. Name the structure which seperates the cords.
Sinusoids = thin walled, fenestrated capillaries - mixture of venous (70%) and arterial (30%) blood
81
Name the 2 molecules that hepatocytes normally store in large quantities in their cytoplasm
**Glycogen** (strach) **Triglyceride** (fats)
82
What is this?
Portal trial Hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct
83
What are the paler and darker staining cells?
Chords of hepatocytes Sinusoids (paler staining) in between - sinudoidal epithelial cells have darker and denser nuclei
84
Which type of collagen is the most common in the liver?
**Type 3 - reticulin** The sinusoidal vessals sit on the delicate reticulin network and are seperated from the cords of hepatocytes by the **space of Disse**
85
Name the cells shown in blue
**Kupffer cells** Found in the epithelial lining of the sinusoids between the chords of hepatocytes (pale pink) Phagacytose the blood borne pathogens that pass through the liver Involved in the production of biliruben that is taken up and excreted by hepatocytes
86
Describe the change in epithelium through the biliary tree
Smaller vessels = simple epithelium Distal vessels = stratified epithelium
87
Give the epithelium of the gall bladder
**Simple columnar epithelium** (shown at the bottom of this picture) Lining is thrown into folds - not villi Small brush border - absorption of water to concentrate the bile
88
Describe the affects of secretin on the following cells
Secretin induces the release of alkaline solution from the centro-acini cells (green arrows) and small duct cells
89
What is this?
**Large pancreatic duct** Simple columnar epithelium which can become stratified at the distal end Sitting on dense connective tissue with acinar tissue alongside Most of the secretions are from duct cells
90
What is the structure in the box?
An exocrine duct
91
What are Ito cells and what is their pathological significance?
Ito cells lie in the sinusoids within the liver. They are fat storing cells that play a pivotal role in the fatty degeneration and fibrosis of the liver in such conditions as cirrhosis of the liver.
92
Name 2 cells which are deroved from monocytes
**Kupffer cells** (tissue macrophages) **Osteoclasts**
93
The pancreas secretes a wide range of proteolytic enzymes. What mechanism exists to prevent these enzymes digesting the pancreas itself?
They are secreted in an inactive form as zymogens and are normally only activated when they reach the lumen of the duodenum. In some forms of pancreatitis however the gland does break down autolytically.
94

Phase 1 AR (34 decks)

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