Textbook Chapter 1 Flashcards
Pathophysiology
The study of functional or physiological changes in the body that result from disease processes.
Primary Prevention
Goal is to protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. Ex. Education about good nutrition, safety, regular exams and screenings, immunizations
Secondary Prevention
Happen after an illness or serious risk factor have already been diagnosed. The goal is to halt or slow the progression of the disease in its earliest stages. Ex. Recommending baby aspirin after heart attack, screening when risk factor is present, providing suitable work for the injured.
Tertiary Prevention
Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long term health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The goals are to prevent further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life. Ex. Cardiac or stroke rehab, chronic pain management, support groups.
Diagnosis
Identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
Etiology
Concerning causative factors (factors responsible)
Idiopathic
When the cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic
When caused by a treatment, procedure, or error
Predisposing Factors
Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual
Prophylaxis
Measure designed to preserve health and prevent spread of a disease
Pathogenesis
Development of a disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the disease process
Acute
Indicated short-term illness that develops quickly with marked signs such as high fever or severe pain.
Chronic
Milder condition that develops gradually but persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage
Subclinical
Pathological changes occur, but the patient shows no obvious manifestations
Latent
“silent stage” no clinical signs are evident
Prodromal
Early stages of the disease where one is aware of the change in the body but signs are too vague. Ex. fatigue, loss of appetite, headache
Signs
Objective indicators of disease that are obvious to someone other than the affected
Symptoms
Subjective feelings such as pain or nausea
Lesion
Specific local change in the tissue
Precipitating Factor
A condition that triggers an acute episode such as a seizure in an epileptic.
Sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition such as paralysis following a stroke
Convalescence
Period of recovery and return to normal healthy state
Morbidity
Disease rates within a group
Mortality
Indicated relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
Autopsy
Performed after death to determine exact cause of death
Epidemiology
Science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of a disease
Communicable
Infection transferred from one person to another
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of cells
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size on individual cells
Hyperplasia
Increased number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass
Metaplasia
Occurs when one mature cel type is replaced by a different mature cell
Dysplasia
Term applied to tissue in which cells vary in size and shape
Anaplasia
Cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structured and numerous mitotic figures
Neoplasia
“new growth” a neoplasm called a tumor
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death (normal when cell development is abnormal and numbers are excessive)
Necrosis
Death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ
Ischemia
Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ owing to circulatory obstruction
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in the tissue
Anaerobic
Absence of oxygen
Endogenous
Chemicals inside the body
Exogenous
Chemicals outside the body
Microorganisms
Living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
Pyroptosis
Programmed cell death
Lysosomal
Destructive enzymes released into the tissue to cause lysis
Inflammation
Swelling, redness, and pain
Morphologic
Structural changes that occur in the nucleus and cell
Gangrene
Area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria
