Chapter 13 Flashcards
Apnea
A serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts
Bifurcation
Division in the carotid arteries which are sensitive to decreased oxygen levels as well as low pH.
Bronchodilation
Results when sympathetic stimulation relaxes the smooth muscle, dilating or enlarging the bronchioles.
Caseation
The “solid” necrosis of the exudative initial alveolar lesion and of the lung tissue surrounding the lesion. Cheese-like material consisting of dead macrophages and necrotic tissue.
Clubbing
Deformity in nails as a result from CV or respiratory disorders due to chronic hypoxia
Cohesion
“sticking together” high surface tension between the two pleural layers
Compliance
The ability of the lungs to expand, which depends on the elasticity of the tissues. It can also be affected by alveolar surface tension, and the shape, size, and flexibility of the thorax.
Empyema
Pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space. If not resolved, it can cause adhesions between the pleural membranes restricting ventilation.
Eupnea
Normal breathing 10-18 inspirations per minute.
Expectorant
Lubricate your airway. This helps loosen up the mucus and make the secretions in your airway thinner. By loosening up the mucus, expectorants make your cough more productive. This makes it easier for you to cough up mucus effectively and clear your throat
Hemoptysis
Blood-tinged frothy sputum usually associated with pulmonary edema
Hering-Breuer Reflex
Stretch receptors in the lungs that prevent too much lung expansion.
Hypercarpia
Increased CO2 levels in the blood
Hypoxemia
When oxygen levels in the blood are lower than normal
Orthopnea
Dyspnea that occurs when laying down
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
Sudden acute type of dyspnea common in left sided congestive heart failure. During sleep pulmonary edema occurs waking the individual gasping for air and coughing.
Proteases
Enzyme that destroys proteins and peptides. It is released by neutrophils during an inflammatory response.
Pulsus Paradoxus
Exaggerated drop in systemic blood pressure during inspiration
Rales
Light bubbly or crackling sounds associated with serous secretions
Residual Volume
The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling
Rhonchi
Deeper and harsher sounds resulting from thicker mucus
Sputum
Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract. Normal secretions are relatively thin, clear, or colorless in color
Steatorrhea
Bulky, fatty stools that can manifest with CF.
Stridor
High-pitched crowing noise, usually indicated upper airway obstruction
Surface Tension
The tendency for fluid to reduce its surface area by forming droplets. Increased surface tension increases cohesion within the alveoli, pulling the alveoli closed.
Vital Capacity
Represents the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs.
Wheezing
Whistling sounds indicate obstruction in the small airways
