Chapter 13

Question 1

Apnea

Answer 1

A serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts

Question 2

Bifurcation

Answer 2

Division in the carotid arteries which are sensitive to decreased oxygen levels as well as low pH.

Question 3

Bronchodilation

Answer 3

Results when sympathetic stimulation relaxes the smooth muscle, dilating or enlarging the bronchioles.

Question 4

Caseation

Answer 4

The “solid” necrosis of the exudative initial alveolar lesion and of the lung tissue surrounding the lesion. Cheese-like material consisting of dead macrophages and necrotic tissue.

Question 5

Clubbing

Answer 5

Deformity in nails as a result from CV or respiratory disorders due to chronic hypoxia

Question 6

Cohesion

Answer 6

“sticking together” high surface tension between the two pleural layers

Question 7

Compliance

Answer 7

The ability of the lungs to expand, which depends on the elasticity of the tissues. It can also be affected by alveolar surface tension, and the shape, size, and flexibility of the thorax.

Question 8

Empyema

Answer 8

Pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space. If not resolved, it can cause adhesions between the pleural membranes restricting ventilation.

Question 9

Eupnea

Answer 9

Normal breathing 10-18 inspirations per minute.

Question 10

Expectorant

Answer 10

Lubricate your airway. This helps loosen up the mucus and make the secretions in your airway thinner. By loosening up the mucus, expectorants make your cough more productive. This makes it easier for you to cough up mucus effectively and clear your throat

Question 11

Hemoptysis

Answer 11

Blood-tinged frothy sputum usually associated with pulmonary edema

Question 12

Hering-Breuer Reflex

Answer 12

Stretch receptors in the lungs that prevent too much lung expansion.

Question 13

Hypercarpia

Answer 13

Increased CO2 levels in the blood

Question 14

Hypoxemia

Answer 14

When oxygen levels in the blood are lower than normal

Question 15

Orthopnea

Answer 15

Dyspnea that occurs when laying down

Question 16

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

Answer 16

Sudden acute type of dyspnea common in left sided congestive heart failure. During sleep pulmonary edema occurs waking the individual gasping for air and coughing.

Question 17

Proteases

Answer 17

Enzyme that destroys proteins and peptides. It is released by neutrophils during an inflammatory response.

Question 18

Pulsus Paradoxus

Answer 18

Exaggerated drop in systemic blood pressure during inspiration

Question 19

Rales

Answer 19

Light bubbly or crackling sounds associated with serous secretions

Question 20

Residual Volume

Answer 20

The amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling

Question 21

Rhonchi

Answer 21

Deeper and harsher sounds resulting from thicker mucus

Question 22

Sputum

Answer 22

Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract. Normal secretions are relatively thin, clear, or colorless in color

Question 23

Steatorrhea

Answer 23

Bulky, fatty stools that can manifest with CF.

Question 24

Stridor

Answer 24

High-pitched crowing noise, usually indicated upper airway obstruction

Question 25

Surface Tension

Answer 25

The tendency for fluid to reduce its surface area by forming droplets. Increased surface tension increases cohesion within the alveoli, pulling the alveoli closed.

Question 26

Vital Capacity

Answer 26

Represents the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs.

Question 27

Wheezing

Answer 27

Whistling sounds indicate obstruction in the small airways