Test Two Energy Generation

Question 1

Function of carbohydrates for a cell

Answer 1

Fuel source and structural component

Question 2

What is contained in the structural component of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 3

What are the different types of carbohydrates

Answer 3

Polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides

Question 4

Example of polysaccharides

Answer 4

Starch, glycogen, fiber

Question 5

Example of disaccharide

Answer 5

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

Question 6

Example of monosaccharide

Answer 6

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Question 7

Liver converts what into glucose

Answer 7

Galactose and fructose

Question 8

What is the digestion of carbohydrates

Answer 8

Breakdown of polysaccharides and disaccharides

Question 9

Where does the breakdown of carbs occur

Answer 9

In GI then absorbed in the blood

Question 10

Glucose diffuses from blood to where

Answer 10

Interstitial fluid through the cell membrane

Question 11

Example of glucose diffusing into cells

Answer 11

Insulin

Question 12

What organs don’t require insulin

Answer 12

Brain and liver

Question 13

How does insulin enter into cell

Answer 13

Binds on channel with glucose allowing for insulin to enter

Question 14

What enzymes are use to phosphorylate glucose and trap inside cell

Answer 14

Hexokinase and glucokinase

Question 15

Where is hexokinase used

Answer 15

For all cells

Question 16

Where is glucokinase used

Answer 16

Liver, kidney tubules and intestinal epithelium

Question 17

Is hexokinase reversible or irreversible

Answer 17

Irreversible

Question 18

Is glucokinase reversible or irreversible

Answer 18

Reversible

Question 19

How does glucose exit the liver

Answer 19

Liver dephosphorylates glucose using glucose phosphatase to release it

Question 20

What is the next step for glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 20

Can be oxidized to make ATP, stored as glycogen,

Question 21

What is glycogenesis

Answer 21

Make glycogen

Question 22

What is glycogenolysis

Answer 22

Break down glycogen to form glucose

Question 23

Glycolysis starts with what

Answer 23

Glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Question 24

How much ATP is invested in glycolysis

Answer 24

2 ATP

Question 25

What is the end product of glycolysis

Answer 25

Pyruvate

Question 26

What is the total net ATP of glycolysis

Answer 26

2 ATP

Question 27

If O2 is not available for pyruvate what occurs in human

Answer 27

Fermentation, pyruvate to lactate

Question 28

What is needed for human fermentation

Answer 28

NAD+ and NADH

Question 29

What is the new energy source in human fermentation

Answer 29

NADH

Question 30

Lactate in cell diffuses where

Answer 30

Extracellular fluid in blood

Question 31

When O2 is available what happens to lactic acid

Answer 31

Lactic acid is re converted into pyruvic acid

Question 32

Where does lactic acid converting to pyruvic acid occur

Answer 32

Liver or heart

Question 33

Fermentation in Yeast produces what end products

Answer 33

CO2 and ethanol

Question 34

Before Kreb’s cycle occurs what needs to happen to pyruvate

Answer 34

Convert to acetyl-CoA

Question 35

Kreb’s cycle only works when what is present

Answer 35

Oxygen

Question 36

Acetyl CoA binds with what to create what

Answer 36

Oxaloacetate and creates citrate

Question 37

What are the end products of Kreb’s cycle

Answer 37

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP per cycle

Question 38

What is a byproduct of Kreb’s cycle

Answer 38

CO2

Question 39

Function of mitochondria

Answer 39

Generate ATP

Question 40

What disease occurs when mitochondria improperly functions

Answer 40

MERRT

Question 41

Mitochondria can synthesize their own proteins and divide because

Answer 41

They have their own DNA and RNA

Question 42

Where would you see a lot of mitochondria

Answer 42

Areas that need more ATP such as muscles or the heart

Question 43

The matrix of mitochondria contains

Answer 43

Outer membrane and intermembrane space

Question 44

Outer membrane of of matrix contains

Answer 44

Porins

Question 45

The inner membrane in the mitochondria is known as

Answer 45

Cristae

Question 46

The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains

Answer 46

Membrane transport proteins, electron transport and ATP synthesis

Question 47

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 47

Mitochondria

Question 48

first stage of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 48

Electron proton gradient is formed, H+ flows down the electrochemical gradient and across the membrane

Question 49

What is stage 2 of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 49

ADP converts to ATP with ATP synthase

Question 50

What is coupling in chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 50

Electron transport, H+ pumping, and ATP synthesis

Question 51

What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 51

Electrons combine with O2 and H+ to form

Question 52

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 52

Oxygen

Question 53

How many ATP for NADH

Answer 53

2.5

Question 54

How many ATP for FADH2

Answer 54

1.5

Question 55

The total oxidation of one glucose produces how many ATP

Answer 55

30

Question 56

End product of glycolysis

Answer 56

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 57

End product of the citric acid cycle

Answer 57

6 NADH, 2FADH2 and 2 GTP

Question 58

what is another pathway that metabolize glucose

Answer 58

pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis

Question 59

what type of energy is produced through the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 59

NADPH

Question 60

what energy is used for the synthesis of fats

Answer 60

NADPH

Question 61

excess glucose is stored as what

Answer 61

glycogen

Question 62

when cell runs out of space, glycogen is converted to

Answer 62

fat in liver and adipose tissue

Question 63

what provides the raw material for gluconeogenesis

Answer 63

glycerol, lactate, and several amino acids