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Cell Physiology > Test Two Energy Generation > Flashcards

Test Two Energy Generation Flashcards

1
Q

Function of carbohydrates for a cell

A

Fuel source and structural component

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2
Q

What is contained in the structural component of carbohydrates

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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3
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides

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4
Q

Example of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, fiber

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5
Q

Example of disaccharide

A

Sucrose, maltose and lactose

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6
Q

Example of monosaccharide

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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7
Q

Liver converts what into glucose

A

Galactose and fructose

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8
Q

What is the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Breakdown of polysaccharides and disaccharides

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9
Q

Where does the breakdown of carbs occur

A

In GI then absorbed in the blood

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10
Q

Glucose diffuses from blood to where

A

Interstitial fluid through the cell membrane

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11
Q

Example of glucose diffusing into cells

A

Insulin

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12
Q

What organs don’t require insulin

A

Brain and liver

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13
Q

How does insulin enter into cell

A

Binds on channel with glucose allowing for insulin to enter

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14
Q

What enzymes are use to phosphorylate glucose and trap inside cell

A

Hexokinase and glucokinase

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15
Q

Where is hexokinase used

A

For all cells

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16
Q

Where is glucokinase used

A

Liver, kidney tubules and intestinal epithelium

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17
Q

Is hexokinase reversible or irreversible

A

Irreversible

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18
Q

Is glucokinase reversible or irreversible

A

Reversible

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19
Q

How does glucose exit the liver

A

Liver dephosphorylates glucose using glucose phosphatase to release it

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20
Q

What is the next step for glucose-6-phosphate

A

Can be oxidized to make ATP, stored as glycogen,

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21
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

Make glycogen

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22
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Break down glycogen to form glucose

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23
Q

Glycolysis starts with what

A

Glucose to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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24
Q

How much ATP is invested in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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25
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

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26
Q

What is the total net ATP of glycolysis

27
Q

If O2 is not available for pyruvate what occurs in human

A

Fermentation, pyruvate to lactate

28
Q

What is needed for human fermentation

A

NAD+ and NADH

29
Q

What is the new energy source in human fermentation

30
Q

Lactate in cell diffuses where

A

Extracellular fluid in blood

31
Q

When O2 is available what happens to lactic acid

A

Lactic acid is re converted into pyruvic acid

32
Q

Where does lactic acid converting to pyruvic acid occur

A

Liver or heart

33
Q

Fermentation in Yeast produces what end products

A

CO2 and ethanol

34
Q

Before Kreb’s cycle occurs what needs to happen to pyruvate

A

Convert to acetyl-CoA

35
Q

Kreb’s cycle only works when what is present

36
Q

Acetyl CoA binds with what to create what

A

Oxaloacetate and creates citrate

37
Q

What are the end products of Kreb’s cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP per cycle

38
Q

What is a byproduct of Kreb’s cycle

39
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Generate ATP

40
Q

What disease occurs when mitochondria improperly functions

41
Q

Mitochondria can synthesize their own proteins and divide because

A

They have their own DNA and RNA

42
Q

Where would you see a lot of mitochondria

A

Areas that need more ATP such as muscles or the heart

43
Q

The matrix of mitochondria contains

A

Outer membrane and intermembrane space

44
Q

Outer membrane of of matrix contains

45
Q

The inner membrane in the mitochondria is known as

46
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains

A

Membrane transport proteins, electron transport and ATP synthesis

47
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

Mitochondria

48
Q

first stage of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron proton gradient is formed, H+ flows down the electrochemical gradient and across the membrane

49
Q

What is stage 2 of oxidative phosphorylation

A

ADP converts to ATP with ATP synthase

50
Q

What is coupling in chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport, H+ pumping, and ATP synthesis

51
Q

What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electrons combine with O2 and H+ to form

52
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

How many ATP for NADH

54
Q

How many ATP for FADH2

55
Q

The total oxidation of one glucose produces how many ATP

56
Q

End product of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

57
Q

End product of the citric acid cycle

A

6 NADH, 2FADH2 and 2 GTP

58
Q

what is another pathway that metabolize glucose

A

pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis

59
Q

what type of energy is produced through the pentose phosphate pathway

60
Q

what energy is used for the synthesis of fats

61
Q

excess glucose is stored as what

62
Q

when cell runs out of space, glycogen is converted to

A

fat in liver and adipose tissue

63
Q

what provides the raw material for gluconeogenesis

A

glycerol, lactate, and several amino acids

Cell Physiology (16 decks)

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