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Cell Physiology > Test Four Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Test Four Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments throughout cytoplasm

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2
Q

Cytoskeleton supports

A

The movement of organelles and vesicles

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3
Q

What are the types of protein filaments

A

Intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin filaments

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4
Q

Subunit of intermediate filaments

A

Fibrous proteins

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5
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

Provide cellular strength when stretched

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6
Q

Location of intermediate filaments

A

From nucleus to plasma membrane and connected by desmosomes

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7
Q

Example of intermediate filament

A

Nuclear lamina

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8
Q

What is nuclear lamina

A

Intermediate filament around nucleus to provide strength to nuclear strength

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9
Q

Structure of intermediate filament

A

Strong and rope like elongated fibrous proteins

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10
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments

A

10 no

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11
Q

Monomer of intermediate filaments

A

Strands have globular head and tail with a helix in the middle

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12
Q

Dimer of intermediate filament

A

Coiled coils

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13
Q

Tetramer of intermediate filament

A

Two coiled coils bound by noncovalent forces

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14
Q

Location of intermediate filaments

A

Muscle cells, epithelial cell, along nerve axons for reinforcement and for protection

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15
Q

What are the four classes of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin, vimentin and vimentin-related filaments, neurofilaments, and nuclear lamina

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16
Q

Where are keratin filaments found

A

Epithelial cells

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17
Q

Where are vimentin filaments found

A

CT, muscles and neuroglia cells

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18
Q

Where are neurofilaments found

A

Neurons

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19
Q

Nuclear lamina filaments are found where

A

All cells

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20
Q

Example of keratin

A

Hair, nails, skin, claws, hooves, feathers, lining of gut

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21
Q

Location of keratin

A

Stretch through cell to desmosome

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22
Q

What are the accessory proteins that stabilize intermediate filaments

A

Plectin

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23
Q

Function of plectin

A

Links intermediate filaments to microtubules and then to desmosomes

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24
Q

What are some problems with intermediate filaments

A

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex

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25
Q

Example of mutations in plectin

A

Bullosa simplex, muscularis dystrophy, and neurodegeneration

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26
Q

Nuclear lamins disassemble when

A

Mitosis occurs

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27
Q

Nuclear lamins are phosphorylated by

A

Kinases

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28
Q

Example of problems with lamins

A

Progeria

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29
Q

What is progeria

A

Prevents cells from dividing, causes children to look old

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30
Q

Subunit of microtubules

A

Tubulin

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31
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Organizing chromosomes, moving organelles, involved with motor proteins, infrastructure of cell

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32
Q

Microtubules grow out of

A

Centrosome

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33
Q

Microtubules are a dimer of

A

Alpha and beta tubulin

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34
Q

What are protofilaments

A

Long strand of dimer microtubules

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35
Q

Microfilaments contain

A

13 protofilaments together in a hollow tube

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36
Q

Microfilaments have specific

A

Polarity, beta end with positive and alpha end with negative

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37
Q

What side of dimer microfilament adds to elongate

A

Positive end (beta)

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38
Q

What bond is between alpha and beta part of microtubule

A

Covalent bond

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39
Q

What bond is used to put a lot of microtubules together

A

Non covalent

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40
Q

Centrosomes are located where

A

Near nucleus

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41
Q

Centrosome is made of

A

Gamma tubulin in a ring that forms sphere

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42
Q

What in centrosome grows microtubules

A

MTOC’s

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43
Q

Function of MTOCs

A

Control number, orientation and location of microtubules

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44
Q

Centrioles are found

A

Inside centrosomes

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45
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Unknown

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46
Q

Centrioles made up of

A

Cylinder of short microtubules

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47
Q

Microtubules are in constant

A

Dynamic instability (changing)

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48
Q

What is needed to attach dimer of microtubules

A

GTP

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49
Q

GDP is microtubules causes

A

Shrinkage of tubules

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50
Q

Dimers of microtubules with GTP or GDP pack more tightly

A

GTP

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51
Q

What does GTP cap do in microtubules

A

When microtubule dimers are added too quickly for GTP hydrolysis and will keep growing

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52
Q

What causes disassembly of microtubules

A

GTP hydrolysis into GDP

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53
Q

What drug causes no microtubule assembly by binding to tubulin in cytoplasm

A

Colchicine

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54
Q

What drug causes microtubules to never disassemble by binding to microtubules

A

Taxol

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55
Q

What are the two cancer drugs that affect microtubule growth and disassembly

A

Taxol and colchicine

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56
Q

What protein that is associated with another cell structure and cause microtubule to stop assembling

A

Capping protein

57
Q

Specialized microtubule cells have less

A

Dynamic instability

58
Q

Specialized microtubule differentiated cells are usually

A

Polarized

59
Q

Salvatore movement is normally

A

Directional and steady

60
Q

Motor proteins bind to

A

Actin filaments or microtubules

61
Q

How do motor proteins travel

A

By ATP hydrolysis

62
Q

Motor proteins bind to other cells components such as

A

Vesicle or organelle to move them

63
Q

What are the two families of motor proteins

A

Kinesins and Dyneins

64
Q

Kinesins move

A

Away from centrosome

65
Q

Dyneins move

A

Toward centrosome

66
Q

Motor proteins contain

A

Globular ATP binding heads and cargo binding tails

67
Q

What of motor protein walks along microtubules

A

ATP hydrolyzing head

68
Q

What pulls and stretches ER membrane along microtubules

A

Kinesins

69
Q

What pull golgi toward the centrosome along microtubules

A

Dyneins

70
Q

Microtubules move what organelles

A

Golgi and ER

71
Q

Cilia are

A

Hair like structures

72
Q

What moves cilia

A

Dynein

73
Q

What anchors cilia

A

Basal body

74
Q

Cilia have what in their core

A

Microtubules covered by plasma membrane

75
Q

Movement of cilia

A

Power stroke then recovery stroke

76
Q

Function of cilia

A

Propel a cell through fluid, move fluid over cell surface, collecting food, moving mucus, moving eggs

77
Q

Structure of flagella compare to cilia

A

Longer

78
Q

Function of flagella

A

Motility

79
Q

Structure of cilia and flagella

A

9 doublet microtubules in a ring around two microtubules

80
Q

Movement of cilia and flagella

A

Core bends with help of accessory proteins

81
Q

What motor protein helps cilia and flagella walk

A

Ciliary dyneins

82
Q

Subunit of actin filaments

A

Actin

83
Q

Function of actin filaments

A

Affects movement of cell surface, phagocytosis, cell division, crawling, muscle contraction

84
Q

Location of actin filaments

A

Under plasma membrane

85
Q

Structure of actin filaments

A

Short, globular actin molecules in a chain with polarity , thin and flexible

86
Q

Actin monomers add or subtract from what end

A

Either

87
Q

What is bound to actin monomers

A

ATP

88
Q

What promotes disassembly in actin filaments

A

ATP hydrolysis

89
Q

What drug prevents actin formation by binding to loose actin

A

Cytochalasins

90
Q

What drug prevents actin disassembly by binding to actin filament

A

Jasplakinolides

91
Q

What prevents actin monomers from polymerizing out of control

A

Thymosin and profilin

92
Q

What other proteins control actin activity

A

Actin-bundling proteins, cross linking, filament severing proteins (gelsolin)

93
Q

Example of actin

A

RBC

94
Q

Cell cortex of actin filaments

A

Concentrated network of actin filaments linked by actin-binding proteins

95
Q

The cell cortex of actin filaments provides what function

A

Mechanical strength and structural support

96
Q

How do actin filaments in cells crawl

A

Protrusion from front grabs cytoplasm, adhesion from protrusion anchors and rest of cell drags forward

97
Q

What is the protrusion caused by actin polymerization

A

Lamellipodia

98
Q

What in actin is the stabilizing cell, anchor

A

Integrins

99
Q

What are the exploration protrusions of actin filaments

A

Filapodia

100
Q

What helps to form branched actin

A

Actin related proteins (ARPs)

101
Q

How do ARPs work

A

Assembly at front and disassembly at back

102
Q

What protein interacts with actin filaments to create movement of cell or muscle contraction

A

Myosin

103
Q

What are myosin

A

Actin dependent motor proteins

104
Q

Myosin 1 is for

A

Cellular movement

105
Q

Myosin 2 is for

A

Muscle movement

106
Q

How does myosin 1 work

A

One Globular head interacts with ATP and tail determines and grabs cargo

107
Q

What in actin filaments help actin cytoskeleton movement

A

Receptor proteins

108
Q

What protein changes organization of actin

A

Rho

109
Q

What Rho protein in actin causes filopodia formation

A

Cdc42

110
Q

What Rho protein in actin causes lamellipodia formation

A

Rac

111
Q

Do all types of muscle use actin and myosin

A

Yes

112
Q

Describe myosin 2

A

2 ATPase head and tail (coiled coil)

113
Q

What on myosin creates the filament

A

Tails

114
Q

What is a muscle fiber

A

Numerous cells fused into one long cell

115
Q

Myofibrils mainly consist of

A

Sarcomere

116
Q

What is the contractile element of muscle cell

A

Myofibrils

117
Q

What makes up a sarcomere

A

Action and myosin 2 with Z disc

118
Q

What is the regulator of tropomyosin

A

Troponin

119
Q

What is rigor Mortis

A

No more ATP being produced, muscle is in constant contraction and stiffens

120
Q

What are the energy requirements for skeletal muscle

A

ATP for myosin head, ATP for Ca2+ pump into the SR, ATP for Na/K pump to resort resting membrane potential in cell

121
Q

Sources of energy in skeletal muscle

A

ATP stores, phosphocreatine, glycogen stores and oxidative phosphorylation

122
Q

ATP stores last for

A

1 to 2 seconds

123
Q

Phosphocreatine source of energy lasts for

A

5 to 8 seconds

124
Q

Glycogen stores for energy last for

A

One minute

125
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation for source of energy lasts

A

Indefinitely

126
Q

The greater the number of cross bridges form the stronger

A

The generated force

127
Q

What is isometric contraction

A

Increase in tension, no decrease in length of sarcomere

128
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Decrease length of sarcomere and constant tension generated

129
Q

What is eccentric concentration

A

Muscle is lengthening and joint is extending

130
Q

What is concentration contraction

A

Muscle is shortening and joint is flexing

131
Q

Describe fast twitch

A

Larger fibers, lower blood supply, fewer mitochondria, and extensive ER

132
Q

Describe slow twitch

A

Smaller fibers, greater blood supply, many mitochondria, and myoglobin

133
Q

What is a motor unit

A

One motor neuron and all of the muscle cells innervated by it

134
Q

What is motor unit summation

A

Recruitment of motor units determines amount of force generated by muscle

135
Q

What causes muscle to sustain its contraction

A

Rapid stimulation by motor neurons

136
Q

Sustained contraction is called

A

Tetanus

137
Q

What is treppe

A

Muscle will be weaker than a warmed up muscle k

138
Q

Hypertrophy of muscle includes

A

Increase in number of myofibrils (diameter) and increase in number of sarcomere (length)

139
Q

Atrophy includes

A

Denervation atrophy and disuse atrophy (loss of use)

Cell Physiology (16 decks)

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