test 6

Question 1

Sources of OR Infections

Answer 1

› Dirty ventilation systems
› Anesthesia/Intubation
› Medical malpractice
› Breaks in sterility

Question 2

Major causes of assist device “FAILURE”

Answer 2

– Infection/Sepsis
– Thrombosis/Hemorrhage
– Percutaneous lead damage

Question 3

Selection of Antimicrobial Agent based on

Answer 3

1. Organism’s identity
2. Organism’s susceptibility to a particular agent
3. Site of the infection
4. Patient factors
5. Safety of the agent
6. Cost of therapy

Question 4

Selection of Antimicrobial Agent Organism’s Identity

Answer 4

› Rapid assessment of the nature of the pathogen can sometimes be made on the basis of the Gram stain
› Necessary to culture the organism for conclusive diagnosis and susceptibility to drugs
› Obtain sample BEFORE treatment begins

Question 5

3 Major Categories of Pathogens

Answer 5

1. Gram positive bacteria- holds onto the dye
2. Gram negative bacteria- thick cell wall (peptidoglycan layer): harder for us to attack and kill
3. Fungi

Question 6

Selection of Antimicrobial Agent Empiric Therapy (give antibiotic before you identify what is causing the problem)

Answer 6

› Acutely ill patients with infections of unknown origin
› Site of infection
› Patient history
        – Previous infections
        – Travel
        – Recent antimicrobial therapy
        – Immune status
        – Hospital or community acquired

Question 7

Selection of Antimicrobial Agent Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal

Answer 7

› Bacteriostatic
– Arrest the growth and replication of bacteria
– Limit the spreading of infection until the immune system attacks & eliminates
- does not kill it, just doesn’t let it get worse
› Bactericidal (patients with low WBC count)
– Kill the bacteria
– D.O.C.
› Seriously ill
› Immunocompromised patients

Question 8

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory

Concentration

Answer 8

• the lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth
• concentration of antibiotic that will prevent any more growth after 24 hours incubation time

Question 9

MBC: Minimum Bactericidal

Concentration

Answer 9

• the lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills 99.9% of bacteria
• after 24 hours the bacterial growth amount has declined by 99.9%
• lowest concentration it takes to eliminate it

Question 10

Selection of Antimicrobial Agent based on Site of Infection

Answer 10

› Antibiotic must reach the site of infection
› Natural barriers to drug delivery are created by the capillaries of some tissues
        – Testes
        – Placenta
        – Prostate
        – Eye
        – Brain
                › Lipid solubility
                › Molecular weight
                › Protein binding