test 5

Question 1

General anesthesia

Answer 1

• Is a reversible state of CNS depression
  • Loss of response to stimuli
  • Loss of perception of stimuli

Question 2

General anesthesia provides 5 important benefits

Answer 2

1. Sedation & reduced anxiety
2. Lack of awareness and amnesia
3. Skeletal muscle relaxation
4. Suppression of undesirable reflexes
5. Analgesia
   - No single agent can accomplish all of these so you have to use multiple drugs

Question 3

Categories of Anesthetics

Answer 3

• Preanesthetics
  * Calm patients
  * Relieve pain
  * Prevent side effects of anesthetics
• Neuromuscular blockers
  * Facilitate intubation and surgery
• General anesthetics (IV or Inhaled)
• Local anesthetics

Question 4

Drug Selection is Based on Patient Factors

Answer 4

• Organ function
• Medical conditions
• Concurrent medications

Question 5

Status of Organ Systems: Cardiovascular

Answer 5

• CV function is depressed to varying degrees by anesthetics

* Hypotension may develop

Question 6

Status of Organ Systems: Respiratory

Answer 6

• Inhaled anesthetics
  * Control difficult in asthma and other ventilation/perfusion abnormalities
  * Depress respiration, but vasodilate
• IV anesthetics and opioids
  * Depress respiration

Question 7

Status of Organ Systems: Liver/Kidney

Answer 7

• Influence distribution and clearance

* Target for toxic effects

Question 8

Status of Organ Systems: Nervous System

Answer 8

• Epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, neuromuscular disease, etc

Question 9

Medical Conditions: Pregnancy

Answer 9

• Effects on fetal organogenesis (organ development compromised) a major concern, especially early in pregnancy

Question 10

Medical Conditions: Alcoholism

Answer 10

• Have increased liver enzymes that metabolize anesthetics (will have to give more)

Question 11

Medical Conditions: Drug Abuse

Answer 11

• Tolerant to opioids

Question 12

Concurrent Medications: Anesthesia Adjuncts/Pre-medications

Answer 12

- Benzodiazepines
        • Reduce anxiety and facilitate amnesia
- H2 blockers
        • Reduce gastric acidity
- Nonopioids & Opioids
        • Analgesia
- Anticholinergics
        • Prevent bradycardia and secretion of fluid into respiratory tract
- Antihistamines
        • Prevent allergic reactions
- Antiemetics
        • Prevent nausea