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Advanced Embalming > Test 5- Disinfectants, Alcohols and Aldehydes, Phenols, Idiophors, Chlorine Containing Compounds > Flashcards

Test 5- Disinfectants, Alcohols and Aldehydes, Phenols, Idiophors, Chlorine Containing Compounds Flashcards

1
Q
  • Soaps
  • Detergents
A

Disinfectants

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2
Q

Our most important cleaning agents. The utility as a disinfectant is limited, generally used before one is applied. Major action- aids in the mechanical destruction and removal of microbes.

  • Usually made from fats and lye
  • Depend on their alkalinity for cleaning action
  • Grime and bacterial are suspended from the surface of an object and are washed off with H2O
  • Combine with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water to form an insoluble scum.
  • If followed by germicide, use 70% alcohol before the germicide is applied, because soap and some germicides combine to form inert compounds.
A

Soaps (Bar, Liquid, Granule or Impregnated Handy-Wipe Tissues)

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3
Q

A term used to distinguish synthetic compounds from soaps. Made from fats and oils by a complcated chemical process. As it is ionized in water, its electrically charged ions attach themselves to dirt and carry the dirt and microbes away with the rinse of water. Dissolve readily in cold water and completely in even the hardest water.

A

Detergents

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4
Q

Usually germicidial for pneumococci, streptococci, genococci, meningococcal and some influenza viruses. The hepatitis virus is unaffected.

A

Soaps and Detergents

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5
Q
  • Isopropyl Alcohol
  • Formaldehyde
  • Glutaraldehyde
    • cidex
    • Di San
    • Sporicidin
    • Sonacide
    • 3M brand disinfecting and sterilizing solution
A

Alcohols and Aldehydes

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6
Q

Superior to ethyl alcohol and is effective against vegatative bacilli (not spores). Effective in dilutions of 70% and stronger. It is not effective against hepatitis viruses but it does enhance the activity of other chemical agents such as the “quats” and chlorhexidine.

A

Isopropyl Alcohol

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7
Q

A gas which has excellent disinfective qualities against all bacteria, bacterial spores and viruses. When dissolved in water, it is called formalin. Mixtures of formalin, alcohol, and hexachlorophene make active germicidial solutions for sterilizing surgical and mortuary instruments, speedily killing bacteria, spores, and many viruses.

A

Formaldehyde

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8
Q

An aldehyde that is acidic in water. It is one of the latest and best additions to any disinfectant list. The action of the aldehyde is speeded up if the solution is alkalinized. Effective against the hepatitis virus. Exposure should be 10-12 hours for sterilization and 30 minutes for disinfection.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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9
Q
  1. Cidex
  2. Di San
  3. Sporicidin
  4. Sonacide
  5. 3M brand disinfecting and sterilizing solution
A

5 Examples of Glutaraldehyde

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10
Q

An alkaline solution of glutaraldehyde in 70% alcohol. It is an excellent bactericide, viricide, and sporocide. Excellent as a cold soak for instruments (Min-30 Minutes). Also may be used to soak linen and needles before non-incineration disposal. Hard on rubber and will etch plastic. Glutaraldehyde is a skin irritant and has been also classified as a carcinogen.

A

Cidex (Braind Name, Surgikos, Inc.)

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11
Q

A gluteraldehyde co-injection fluid. When alkinized with pHA- good clot dispersal (Brand name, Echoz Exco Co.), it is excellent for instruments (see label instructions). Most commonly used with cold water for instruments.

A

Di San (Brand Name, Champion Co.)

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12
Q

Brand name, Ayerst Labs - see cidex

A

Sporicidin

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13
Q

Brand name, Ayerst Labs- see cidex

A

Sonacide

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14
Q

Brand name, 3M co.- see cidex

A

3M Brand Disinfecting and Sterilizing Solution

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15
Q
  • Amphyl
  • Staphene
  • O-Syl
  • Hexachlorophene
    • Phisohex
  • Chlorhexidine
    • Hibistat
    • Hiblicens
A

Examples of Phenols

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16
Q

(Brand Name) A phenolic disinfectant containing a mixture of orthophenyl phenol, amylphenol, potassium ricinoleate, propylene glycol and alcohol. It is non-toxic and non-irritating to skin and mucous membranes. It is non-corrosive to metals and treated surfaces tend to retain anti-microbial action for several days. It can be mixed with soap and other antiseptics for use on skin and for other general cleaning purposes. It is lethal to fungi, many bacteria, and lipophilic viruses. It is lethal to herpes viruses.

A

Amphyl

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17
Q

(Brand name) A phenolic disinfectant containing a mixture of amylphenol, orthobenzylparachlorophenol and orthophenylphenol. Similar action as Amphyl.

A

Staphene

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18
Q

(Brand name, National labs) A phenolic disinfectant containing only orthophenylphenol. It is a germicide and fungicide. Similar action as Amphyl. An excellent general disinfectant for floors, tables, walls, etc. Not for use on hands and bodies.

A

O-Syl

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19
Q

A diphenol usually combined with detergents or incorporated into soaps. It is retained on the skin and leaves an anti-bacterial film. Some users may be allergic to hexachlorophene. It is not effective against Gram-Negative bacterial or spores; however, it is an excellent disinfectant when used against streptococcus and staphylcoccus.

  • Example: Phisohex
A

Hexachorophene

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20
Q

(Brand name, Winthrup Labs)- A mixture of phisoderm (phisoderm is a detergent cream which is a mixture of wool fat, cholesterol, lactic acid and sulfonated petroleum). It is a more efficient cleaner than plain soap and hexachlorophene. It is a popular hand scrub because regular use gives maximal bactericidal effect and is non-irritating. It is not effective against Gram-negative bacteria or spores.

A

Phisohex (Example of Hexachlorophene)

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21
Q

A chemical antiseptic which is also a phenol derivative. This agent has the advantage of being active against Gram-negative organisms while possessing the prolonged action of hexachlorophene against staphylococci. Excellent hand and body disinfectant. Examples:

  • Hibistat
  • Hiblichens
A

Chlorhexidine

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22
Q

(Brand name, Stuart Pharmaceuticals) An antiseptic hand and body cleanser containing chlorhexidine gluconate. Used in surgery.

A

Hibistat (Chlorhexidine Example)

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23
Q

(Brand name, Stuart Pharmaceuticals) An antiseptic hand cleanser containing chlorhexidine gluconate.

A

Hiblicens (Chlorhexidine Example)

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24
Q

These represent a large group of compounds which act against many vegetative bacteria by attacking the cytoplasmic membrane. Widely used for the disinfection of clean inanimate objects. Many bacteria are resistant to these and they are easily inactivated by soaps, detergents, and organic materials. Their effectiveness and safety increase when they are combined with other disinfecting agents. New versions are being tested that don’t have some of the undesirable characteristics of the older group. They are not effective against hydrophilic viruses but are effective against lipophilic viruses.

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATS)

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25
Q
  • Diaparine Chloride (Brand name)
  • Zephiran Chloride
  • Ceepryn Chloride
  • Phemerol
A

Examples of QUATS

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26
Q

Brand Name. Example of a QUAT.

A

Diaparine Chloride

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27
Q

Brand name for Benzalkonium chloride, example of a QUAT.

A

Zephiran Chloride

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28
Q

Brand name for Cetylpyrdinium chloride, example of a QUAT.

A

Ceepryn Chloride

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29
Q

Brand name for Benzethonium chloride, example of a QUAT.

A

Phemerol

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30
Q

Compounds in which iodine is carried by a surface-active solvent. The free iodine liberated is the bactericidal agent. The surface-active solvent enhances the action of concentrations over 5000 parts per million.

A

Iodophors

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31
Q
  • Betadine
  • Wescodyne
  • Hisine
  • Iosan
A

Examples of Iodophors

32
Q

(Brand name, Perdue-Frederick Co.) A povidone-iodine complex used for hand and body disinfection.

A

Betadine (Iodophor Example)

33
Q

(Brand name, Wesley Co.) An iodine detergent germicide used for hand and body disinfection.

A

Wescodyne (Iodophor Example)

34
Q

Brand name, example of iodophor

A

Hisine

35
Q

Brand name, iodophor example.

A

Iosan

36
Q

Chlorine is one of the most effective and widely used of all chemical disinfectants. The free chlorine liberated is a bactericidal agent.

A

Chlorine Containing Compounds

37
Q
  • Sodium Hypochlorite (Clorox)
A

Example of Chlorine Containing Compounds

38
Q

A powerful oxidizing agent. In a 1-10 dilution or at least 5000 parts per million (4 cups to one gallon), it is better than gluteraldehyde. This is because of its sporocidal qualities. Commercially marketed as chlorine bleach (Clorox).

  • Lethal to Hepatitis B
  • Contact time is at least 30 minutes
  • 1-10 ratio is ideal, never more than 1-20
A

Sodium Hypochlorite (Clorox)

39
Q

Because the more organic material present, the higher concentration of the solution is needed. Instruments may be soaked; however, it is hard on chrome plating.

A

Organic Matter Must be Removed From Instruments as Best as Possible Before a Soak in Sodium Hypochlorite

40
Q

May be used and is the disinfectant of choice as a table and floor wash.

A

Clorox

41
Q

Clorox should not come into contact with this because of the possibility of generating Bis-chloro methyl ether (BCME), an extremely carcinogenic gas.

A

Formaldehyde

42
Q

Neutralization is the result.

A

Ammonia and HCHO

43
Q

This creates chlorine gas

A

Ammonia and Bleach

44
Q

Natural disinfectants.

A

Halogens

45
Q
  • Flourine
  • Bromine
  • Chlorine
  • Iodine
  • Astatine
A

Examples of Halogens

46
Q
  • Wide range of activity (works against viruses, bacteria, and fungi)
  • Sufficient strength (active against spore-forming organisms of bacilli and fungi)
  • Acts in the presence of water
  • Be stable and have a reasonably long shelf life
  • Non-corrosive to metal instruments
  • Fast acting
  • Not highly toxic to living tissues or injurious to the respiratory system.
A

Characteristics of a Good Disinfectant

47
Q

Destroy gloves after use; gloves are made to be used once. Thoroughly wash hands after removing gloves. Keep fingernails short and trimmed to prevent tears in the gloves. Numerous antiseptic preparations are available for washing or applying to the skin after the hands are dried. Consult a hospital supply catalog. Treat all cuts and punctures immediately: disinfect the area, induce bleeding and consult a physician.

A

Personal Hygiene

48
Q

Comprises the disinfection practices carried out after the embalming process to protect the environment and includes personal hygiene for the embalmer as well as disinfection of the instruments, equipment, and preparation room.

A

Terminal Disinfection

49
Q

Prupose is the prevention of clotting within the blood vessels of a living person. They are often used following a non-fatal coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction.

A

Medicinal Anticoagulants

50
Q

The formation of a necrotic area in the heart muscle as a result of arterial obstruction usually a fixed clot.

A

Myocardial Infarction

51
Q

A fixed clot or obstruction. Generally found in the arterial system.

A

Thrombosis

52
Q

A free floating clot or detached thrombus. Generally found in the venous system.

A

Emboli

53
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur here 23% of the time.

A

Lungs

54
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur here 14% of the time

A

Kidneys

55
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur here 9% of the time

A

Spleen

56
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur here 8% of the time

A

Brain

57
Q

Thrombo-embolic lesions occur here 2% of the time

A

Extremities

58
Q

This type of significance of the obstruction is the obvious blockages they cause in the vascular system.

A

Embalming

59
Q
  • Heparin
  • Dicumerol
  • Coumadin administered orally
A

Examples of Medicinal Anticoagulants

60
Q

Injected intravenously. In the ideal situation, the clotting time is prolonged to 1 1/2- 2 1/2 times the normal clotting time of the individual at the heght of response to the drug but should return to normal clotting time 6-12 minutes at the end of 4 hours after the height of the drug reaction. Administered continuously intravenously for four to seven days and the clotting time is checked daily once the dose requirement has been established.

A

Heparin

61
Q

Administered orally, a dangerous drug leading to uncontrolled hemorrhage. Used to treat rhumatic heart disease, auricular fibrillation, and those patients who have suffered repeated coronary attacks. It prohibits the formation of pro-thrombi in the liver. It reaches its height in two to eight hours and can last as long as five days.

A

Dicumerol

62
Q

An anticoagulant that depresses synthesis in the liver of several factors which are known to be active in the coagulation mechanisms in a variety of diseases. Characterized by the thrombo embolic phenomenon, it is given 10 to 15 mg for 2-3 days until the desired therapeutic range for the clotting time is reached; then dosage is reduced to keep the clotting time to 1 1/2 to 2 times the control time as measured by the prothrombine time. The effects of this drug may last 5 days after the drug is stopped.

A

Coumadin Administered Orally

63
Q

A not a problem to the embalmer unless the body has been refrigerated.

A

Anticoagulants

64
Q
  • We know the deceased suffered in life from a thrombosis or emboli.
  • WE do not know how effective the anti-coagulant was just prior to death treating this problem.
  • Usually no special pre-injection is necessary and these cases if embalmed immediately present no problem. (Lierally were pre-injected by hospital).
  • If the deceased is allowed to sit for a period of time, there may be a cosmetic problem because of various antemortem hemorrhages through the surface membranes. The prolonged fluidity which aids drainage also aids the gravitation of blood out into superficial capillaries and the hemolysis of that blood to cause permanent stains (the problem is refridgeration) Must be embalmed as soon as possible.
A

The Embalming Significance and Treatment of Anticoagulants (Assumptions)

65
Q

Used primarily in those persons who display a pronounced tendency to hemorrhage. Its purpose is to restore a normal clotting time. it does not cause the blood to cloat at a rate much faster than normal. This vitamin is synthesized by the action of colon bacilli in the intestinal tract.

  • Vitamin K1
  • Vitamin K2
A

Medical Coagulants

66
Q

Derived from such green plants as alfalfa.

A

Vitamin K1

67
Q

Derived from decomposed fishmeal.

A

Vitamin K2

68
Q

This is significant because the most troublesome clots are formed at this time. These clots are unaffected by the arterial fluid solution; no pre-injection will soften them, and no afterial fluid solution will harden them to the point that they are passable. A popular misconception is that the failure to use pre-injection ahead of the arterial solution would result in a rapid and extensive coagulation of blood by HCHO fluid mixture.

A

Embalming Problems Associated with Medical Coagulants in an Agonal State

69
Q

The stage of dying, that period just prior to death.

A

Agonal State

70
Q

Use the restrictive cervical method.

A

To Treat Medical Coagulants

71
Q

Mixing an arterial fluid solution containing water conditioning chemicals co-injected with the arterial fluid solution has a much better flushing action than pre-injection.

A

Do Not Pre-Inject Medical Coagulant Cases

72
Q

And open both jugular veins and if necessary open both femoral veins to establish four points of drainage. (Restrictive cervical method).

A

Raise Both Common Carotids (For Medical Coagulant Cases)

73
Q

Through the right common carotid artery directly into the throacic aorta. Be sure that the left common carotid is ligated or clamped off with a hemostat. Nick the center of the artery above the clamp to allow clot in the face to escape.

A

Inject Downward (Medical Coagulant Cases)

74
Q

Inject this first. If necessary, the legs and arms; then aspirate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. During or after aspiration, inject the head with a different solution, usually milder, through both common carotid arteries.

A

Torso (Trunk of the Body) (Medical Coagulant Cases)

75
Q

It is not uncommon for such cases to be this kind of injection. While injecting always remember to open the corresponding veins- hypodermic injection as well as preservative gel may also be necessary. Only in extreme cases.

A

Six-Point Injection (Medical Coagulant Cases)

Advanced Embalming (35 decks)

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