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HLE 1150 > Test 4 (Chapters 14 & 17) > Flashcards

Test 4 (Chapters 14 & 17) Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterium

A

A microscopic single-celled organism with a cell wall (plural, bacteria). Bacteria may be helpful or harmful to humans.

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2
Q

Immunization

A

The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine to a person.

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3
Q

Protozoan

A

A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease; plural, protozoa.

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4
Q

Fungus

A

A single-celled or multicelled organism that reproduces by spores and feeds on organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. Fungal diseases include yeast infections, athlete’s foot, and ringworm.

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5
Q

Systemic Infection

A

An infection spread by the blood or lymphatic system to large portions of the body.

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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization. Adaptive immunity results in immunological memory.

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7
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to chemical toxins or irritants.

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8
Q

Influenza

A

Infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly infectious and prone to variation; the form changes rapidly; commonly known as the flu.

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9
Q

Epidemic

A

A rapidly spreading disease or health-related condition.

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10
Q

Virus

A

A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; lacks an independent metabolism and reproduces only within a host cell.

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11
Q

HIV Infection

A

A chronic, progressive viral infection that damages the immune system.

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12
Q

HIV Antibody Test

A

A blood test to determine whether a person has been infected with HIV; becomes positive within weeks or months of exposure.

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13
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

An ascending infection that progresses from the vagina and cervix to the uterus, oviducts, and pelvic cavity.

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14
Q

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

A

A fungal infection common in people infected with HIV.

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15
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (AIDS)

A

An advanced stage of HIV infection.

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16
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

A form of cancer characterized by purple or brownish lesions that are generally painless and occur anywhere on the skin; usually appears in persons infected with HIV.

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17
Q

Human Papillomavirus

A

The pathogen that causes human warts, including genital warts, as well as anal and genital cancers.

There are more than 200 types of HPV. They cause a variety of warts, and sometimes cancer. The warts can be removed via freezing or lasers. Warts can reappear.

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18
Q

Gonnorhea

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae that usually affects mucous membranes.

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19
Q

Urethritis

A

A condition that can be caused by both Gonorrhea and Chlamydia that causes urinary discomfort and discharge from the penis.
Both men and women can have it.

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20
Q

HIV Nucleic Acid Test

A

A test used to detect the presence of HIV RNA and to determine the viral load (the amount of HIV in the blood).

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21
Q

Syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

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22
Q

Bacteria Vaginosis

A

A condition that may be linked to sexual activity; caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria inhabiting the vagina.

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23
Q

Genital Warts

A

A sexually transmitted viral infection characterized by growths on the genitals; also called genital HPV infection or condyloma. Persistence of HPV infection predisposes the infected person to some forms of genital cancers.

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24
Q

Scabies

A

A contagious skin disease caused by a type of burrowing parasitic mite.

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25
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or toxins; some forms of infectious hepatitis can be transmitted sexually.

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26
Q

Laparoscopy

A

A method of examining the internal organs by inserting a tube containing a small light through an abdominal incision.

27
Q

Pubic Lice

A

Parasites that infest the hair of the pubic region; commonly called crabs.

28
Q

Genital Herpes

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus

29
Q

Chancre

A

The sore produced by syphilis in its earliest stage.

30
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

31
Q

Microorganisms & Pathogens

A
32
Q

Respiratory Tract

A

lined not only with mucous membranes but also hairlike protrusions called cilia that sweep foreign matter up and out of the respiratory tract. If particles get past the cilia they are expelled with a cough.

33
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that triggers the immune response.

34
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death.

35
Q

First phase of Infection when the viruses or bacteria are actively multiplying

A
36
Q

6 steps of the Chain of Infection

A

The process through which infectious diseases are transmitted from one person to another. New infections can be prevented by interfering with any step in the process.

37
Q

Pathogen

A

1st Stage in Chain of Infection

Pathogen - It begins with a pathogen.

38
Q

Reservior

A

2nd Stage in Chain of Infection

Reservoir - Where the pathogen is before infection occurs

This reservoir can be a human, humans don’t have to have symptoms to be contagious.

39
Q

Portal of Exit

A

3rd Stage in Chain of Infection

Portal of exit - The way in which a pathogen exits the reservoir

40
Q

Means of Trasmission

A

4th Stage in Chain of Infection

Means of transmission - How the pathogen gets from the portal of exit of the reservoir to the portal of entry for the new host

41
Q

Portal of Entry

A

5th Stage in Chain of Infection

Pathogens can enter through direct contact with or penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, inhalation, or ingestion.

Pathogens that enter into the skin or mucous membranes can cause local infection of the tissue, or they can get into the bloodstream or lymphatic system and cause a systematic infection

STIs usually enter through the mucous membranes lining the urethra (in males) or the cervix (in females)

42
Q

New Host

A

6th Stage in Chain of Infection

The new host - Where the pathogen ends up at the end of the chain of infection.

In the new host, a variety of factors determine whether the pathogen will establish itself and cause infection

People with a stronger immune system or higher resistance to a specific pathogen are less likely to become ill than one with a weaker one.

If the conditions are right, the host can become a reservoir and start the chain of infection again.

43
Q

Chickenpox

A
44
Q

Common Cold

A

May be caused by any of more than 200 viruses. Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses make up a large percentage of all colds in adults. To reduce risk of contracting, wash your hands.

45
Q

Flu

A

Infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly infectious and prone to variation; the form changes rapidly; commonly known as the flu.

46
Q

Strep Throat

A

Streptococcal pharyngitis aka Strep throat is cause by Streptococcus genus bacteria. It is characterize by a red, sore throat with white patcher on the tonsils, swollen lymph nodes, fever, and headache.

Usually caused by respiratory droplets, and can develop into more serious rheumatic fever if not treated. There is a type of streptococcus that can invade the bloodstream amm causing a dangerous systemic illness. Minimize risk by washing hands before preparing food.

47
Q

Different shapes of bacteria

A

Bacilli - Rod Shaped
Cocci - Spherical Shaped
Spirochete - Spiral Shaped
Vibrios - Comma Shaped

48
Q

Which Pathogen is most abundant on Earth

A

Bacteria

49
Q

What type of illness is COVID-19?

A

Covid is a respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It is a virus.

50
Q

Domestic Violence

A
51
Q

Signs that someone can be a perpetrator of domestic violence

A
52
Q

Sexual Assault

A

Any unwanted sexual contact.

53
Q

Unintentional Injuries

A

An injury that occurs when no harm was intended.

54
Q

Which group of people in the U.S. has the highest murder rate than the U.S. population as a whole?

A
55
Q

Self Defense: (The most vulnerable spot on an attacker) - Where should you strike that person?

A

The Knees

56
Q

Reducing the risk of injury

A
57
Q

Unintentional Injuries & Age Groups

A
58
Q

Motor Vehicle Crashes & Age Groups

A
59
Q

Fire Deaths

A

Most deaths in a fire are due to smoke inhalation, and don’t the actual fire.

60
Q

Preventing Injuries During a Fire

A

To prevent smoke inhalation crawl and cover mouth and nose with wet rag.
Feel doorknob, if it is hot, fire is behind the door and you shoulnt go through
Stop, drop, and roll, if you catch on fire

61
Q

Gangs

A
62
Q

Motiving factor of Hate Crimes in 2016 and 2017

A
63
Q

Perpetrators of workplace violence

A

HLE 1150 (22 decks)

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