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HLE 1150 > Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular Health and Cancer > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A

The collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

Cardiovascular System (CVS)

A

The system that circulates blood through the body; consists of the heart and blood vessels.

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3
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.

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4
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

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5
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

Either of two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart (plural, venae cavae). Above diaphragm.

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6
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

Either of two large veins (superior vena cava and inferior vena cava) through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart (plural, venae cavae). Below diaphragm.

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7
Q

Right Atrium

A

Either of the two upper chambers of the heart (left or right) in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles (plural, atria).

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8
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Either of the two lower chambers of the heart (left or right) that pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body.

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9
Q

Left Atrium

A

Either of the two upper chambers of the heart (left or right) in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles (plural, atria).

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10
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Either of the two lower chambers of the heart (left or right) that pump blood to the lungs and other parts of the body.

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11
Q

Aorta

A

The largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body.

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12
Q

Path of Blood Flow

A

1.Veins
2. Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
3. Right Atrium
4. Tricuspid Valve
5. Right Ventricle
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Left Atrium
8. Mitral Valve
9. Left Ventricle
10. Aorta
11. Arteries

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13
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of the heart. Blood pumps out of the heart.

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14
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the heart. The heart fills with blood.

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15
Q

Blood Pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping of the heart and the resistance of the blood vessels.

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16
Q

True or False? In the US, 1 in 5 deaths are due to heart disease.

A

True

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17
Q

Veins

A

A vessel that carries blood to the heart.

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18
Q

Arteries

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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19
Q

Capillaries

A

A small blood vessel that exchanges oxygen and nutrients between the blood and the tissues.

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20
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

A blood vessel branching from the aorta that provides blood to the heart muscle.

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21
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries.

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22
Q

Plaques

A

A deposit on the inner wall of blood vessels; blood can coagulate around plaque and form a clot.

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23
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease.

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24
Q

Heart Attack

A

Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (MI).

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25
Q

Heart Attack Symptoms

A
  • Chest Pain or Pressure
  • Arm, neck, or jaw pain
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Excessive Sweating
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Loss of Consciousness
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26
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain due to coronary heart disease.

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27
Q

Arrhythmias

A

A change in the heartbeat’s normal, regular pattern.

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28
Q

Sudden Cardiac Death

A

A nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease.

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29
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

A heart rhythm that leads to ineffective bloodflow, most often cause of cardiac arrest.

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30
Q

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

A

A technique involving mouth-to-mouth breathing and/or chest compressions to keep oxygen flowing to the brain.

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31
Q

Angiogram

A

A picture of the arterial system taken after injecting a dye that is opaque to X-rays.

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32
Q

Ballon Angioplasty

A

A technique in which a catheter with a deflated balloon on the tip is inserted into an artery; the balloon is then inflated at the point of obstruction in the artery, pressing the plaque against the artery wall to improve blood supply.

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33
Q

Coronary Bypass Surgery

A

Surgery in which a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to a point below an obstruction in a coronary artery, improving the blood supply to the heart.

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34
Q

Stroke

A

Impeded blood supply to some part of the brain, resulting in the destruction of brain cells; also called a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

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35
Q

Helping A Heart Attack Victim

A
  • Call for help (911)
  • Chew and swallow an adult aspirin
  • If victim loses consciousness and there is no pulse administer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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36
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by a clot obstructing a blood vessel.

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37
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel that has already been damaged by plaque buildup; the clot may lead to stroke.
Thrombotic Stroke

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38
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream.
Embolic Stroke

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39
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Impeded blood supply to the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel.

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40
Q

Aneurism

A

A sac or outpouching formed by a distention or dilation of the artery wall.

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41
Q

How many people suffer a stroke each year?

A

795,000 Americas; 1 every 40 seconds (2022)

42
Q

Stroke Symptoms

A
  • Drooping Smile
  • Lack of control on one side of the body
  • Trouble repeating a simple short sentence
  • Decreased sensation, numbness, or abnormal tingling in their legs, arms, or other body parts
43
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

A small stroke; usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech.

44
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A

The use of computerized X-ray images to create a cross-sectional depiction (scan) of tissue density.

45
Q

Intracerreberal Hemmorage

A

A type of hemorrhagic stroke in which a blood vessel ruptures within the brain.

46
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

A type of hemorrhagic stroke in which a blood vessel on the brains surface ruptures and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull.

47
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

A

Atherosclerosis in the arteries in the legs (or less commonly, the arms) that can impede blood flow and lead to pain, infection, and loss of the affected limb.

48
Q

Claudication

A

Aching or fatigue in the affected leg with exertion, particularly walking, and often resolves with rest. Occurs when leg muscles do not get adequate blood and oxygen supply.

49
Q

Rest Pain

A

Occurs when the limb artery is unable to supply adequate blood and oxygen even when the body is not physically active.

50
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (Cardio Myopathy)

A

A condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body’s metabolic needs; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.

51
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

The accumulation of fluid in the lungs.

52
Q

Heart Failure Risk Factors

A

The risk of heart failure increases with age, and being overweight is a significant independent risk factor.

53
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A

A defect or malformation of the heart or its major blood vessels, present at birth.

54
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

An inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially the muscle between the two ventricles.
Most common cause of sudden death among athletes younger than age 35.
The thick heart muscle can lead to ineffective blood flow and arrhythmias.

55
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A
  • A disease, mainly of children, characterized by fever, inflammation, and pain in the joints. It often damages the heart valves and muscle, a condition called rheumatic heart disease.
  • Consequence of untreated streptococcal throat infections.
  • Leading cause of heart failure world wide but relatively uncommon in the US.
56
Q

Risk Factors for Heart Valve Disorders

A

Age, previous heart attacks, congenital defects, and certain types of infections can cause abnormalities in the valves between the chambers of the heart.
Valve issues usually involve issue opening or issue closing but either way the blood flow through the heart is impaired.

57
Q

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

A

A condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

58
Q

Hypertension

A

Sustained abnormally high blood pressure. Risk factor for many forms of Cardiovascular Disease

59
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Protein and lipid substances in the blood that carry fats and cholesterol; classified according to size, density, and chemical composition.

60
Q

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

A

A lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol, which tends to become deposited on artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease; also known as “bad” cholesterol.

61
Q

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

A

A lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart diseases; also known as “good” cholesterol.

62
Q

BMI and CVD

A

As your weight increases, your risk of CVD increases. Death from CVD is two to three times more likely in obese people.

63
Q

Insulin Resistance

A

As people gain weight and become less active, their muscles, fat, and liver become less sensitive to the effect of insulin. (Insulin Resistance)
This can lead to diabetes if not addressed.

64
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to an insufficient supply of insulin or inadequate response to insulin.

65
Q

Triglycerides

A

A type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease. High Triglyceride levels are a reliable predictor of heart disease, especially with other risk factors.

66
Q

CVD risk factors that can be changed

A

Stress
Chronic Hostility and Anger
Depression
Anxiety
Social Isolation
Low Socioeconomic Status
Alcohol and Drugs

67
Q

CVD risk factors that can’t be changed

A

Genetics
Age
Gender
Race and Ethnicity

68
Q

Cancer

A

The abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells. May led to death if untreated.

69
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose; also called a neoplasm.

70
Q

Benign Tumors

A

A tumor that is not cancerous.

71
Q

Malignant Tumors

A

A tumor that is capable of spreading and thus is cancerous.

72
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A system of vessels that returns proteins, lipids, and other substances from fluid in the tissues to the circulatory system.

73
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of body tissue to allow for microscopic examination; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample of tissue, but some biopsies require surgery.

74
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

75
Q

Staging

A

Classifying the extent of a cancer in a patient at the time of diagnosis.

76
Q

Remission

A

A period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease.

77
Q

Five-Year Survival Rates

A
  • The percentage of patients diagnosed with a certain disease who will be alive five years after the date of diagnosis; used to estimate the prognosis of a particular disease.
  • Men are more likely than women to die of cancer because they generally have higher rates of alcohol and tobacco use
  • From 2011 to 2017 Five year survival rate from all cancers was 68% for white people and 63% for black people
78
Q

The Causes of Cancer

A
  • Genetics
  • Tobacco and Alcohol Use
  • Dietary Factors
  • Inactivity and Obesity
  • Microbes
  • Ingested Chemicals
  • Environment and Industrial Pollution
  • Radiation
79
Q

Carotenoids

A

Any of a group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted to vitamin A by the liver; many act as antioxidants or have other anticancer effects. The carotenoids include beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin.

80
Q

Phytochemicals

A

A naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent and treat chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease; phyto means “plant.”

81
Q

Chemotherapy

A

The treatment of cancer with chemicals that selectively destroy cancerous cells.

82
Q

Carcinomas

A

Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs).
Most Common Type of Cancer

83
Q

Sarcomas

A

Cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle.

84
Q

Lymphomas

A

A tumor originating from lymphatic tissue.

85
Q

Leukemias

A

Cancer of the blood or the blood-forming cells.

86
Q

Oncologists

A

A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

87
Q

Hematologists

A

A specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders, including cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma.

88
Q

Polyps

A

A small, usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum. May gradually develop malignancies.

89
Q

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors

A

Age is a key risk factor for colorectal cancer; most cases are in people aged 45 years or older. Heredity plays a role. Many cancers arise from preexisting polyps, which are small growths on the wall of the colon that may gradually develop into malignancies.

90
Q

Mammograms

A

A low-dose X-ray of the breasts used to check for early signs of breast cancer.

91
Q

Ultrasonography

A

An imaging method in which sound waves are bounced off body structures to create an image on a TV monitor; also called ultrasound.

92
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

An antibody designed to bind to a specific cancer-related target.

93
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

A

A screening test for prostate cancer that measures blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

94
Q

Incontinence

A

The inability to control the flow of urine.

95
Q

Pap Test

A

A scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer.

96
Q

Melanoma

A

A malignant tumor of the skin that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole.

97
Q

Ultraviolent (UV) Radiation

A

Light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.

98
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Usually benign skin cancer of the base of the outermost layer of the skin.

99
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Malignant cancer of the surface of the outermost layer of the skin.

100
Q

Sunscreens

A

A substance used to protect the skin from UV rays; usually applied as a lotion, cream, or spray.

101
Q

Cardiac Defibrillation

A

An electrical shock is delivered to the hear, can be effective in jolting the heart back into a normal rhythm.

HLE 1150 (22 decks)

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