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HLE 1150 > Chapter 14 - Immunity and Infection > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Immunity and Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Infections

A

Invasion of the body by a microorganism.

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

An organism that causes disease.

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3
Q

What is the body’s largest organ?

A

The Skin

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4
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Line all body cavities and passages that are exposed to the external environment

Secrete mucus and contain cells designed to prevent unwanted organisms and particles from passing through or penetrating them.

These areas include the mouth, nostrils, eyelids, bronchioles, vagina, and other organs of the respirator, digestive, and urogenital tracts.

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5
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike protrusions along the respiratory tract that sweep foreign matter up and out of the respiratory tract.

Particles not captured by the cilia are expelled by a cough

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6
Q

Immune System

A

The body’s collective system of defenses that includes surface barriers as well as the specialized cells, tissues, and organs that carry out the immune response.

The Immune System is made of two parts that can both recognize pathogenic microorganisms. These systems have to work together in order to completely eliminate any a pathogen.

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7
Q

Innate Immune System

A

The cells of this system are first to respond to pathogens. They recognize pathogens as “foreign” and kill them. They respond the same way no matter how many times a Pathogen invades.

The cells in this system are neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells.

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8
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

The white blood cells of the adaptive immune system, called lymphocytes have the ability to both accelerate and to improve the effectiveness of their responses.

The main two types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

white blood cells that ingest and destroy pathogens

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10
Q

Eosinophils

A

white blood cells that fight parasitic infections

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11
Q

Macrophages

A

scavenger cells that engulf and destroy bacteria and dying cells

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12
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

directly destroy virus-infected cells and cells that have turned cancerous

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13
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

initiate the adaptive immune system response

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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that carries out important functions in the immune system.

The main two types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells.

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15
Q

Antigens

A

A substance that triggers the immune response.

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16
Q

Antibodies

A

A specialized protein, produced by plasma cells, that can recognize specific antigens.

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17
Q

B cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies.

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18
Q

T cells

A

Cells responsible for cell-mediated adaptive immune reactions. Helper T cells activate macrophages and promote activation of B cells and killer T cells. Killer T cells kill cells infected with viruses, other intracellular pathogens, and tumor cells.

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19
Q

Pus

A

A collection of dead white blood cells and debris at the site of infection resulting from an encounter.

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20
Q

Stages of Immune Response

A

Phase 1:Recognition
Phase 2:Proliferation
Phase 3:Elimination
Phase 4:Slowdown

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21
Q

Recognition

A

Phase 1 of the Immune Response

Starts when a pathogen breaches the body’s physical and chemical barriers and arouse dendritic cells at site of entry

Dendritic cells surround that pathogen and migrate to nearby lymphoid tissue; B cells, which produce plasma cells to attack a specific type of invader, are activated

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22
Q

Proliferation

A

Phase 2 of The Stages of Immune Response

Activated helper and killer T cells multiply, amplifying the immune response to the pathogen

Helper T cells produce growth stimulants called cytokines that signal molecules that regulate immunity, inflammation, and production of blood cells and platelets. Which in turn aids in the activation and proliferation of killer T and B cells.

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23
Q

Elimination

A

Phase 3 of the Immune Response

The activated T and B cells then become either memory cells or effector cells.

Effector cells eliminate the pathogen. If the pathogen is a virus or an intracellular bacterium, then the killer T cells destroy body cells that are infected with that pathogen.

Activated B cells become memory B cells or antibody-producing plasma cells. The antibodies bind to extracellular pathogens (Those outside body cells) and mark them for destruction by macrophages and natural killer cells.

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24
Q

Slowdown

A

Phase 4 of the Immune Response

Regulatory T cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and induce lymphocyte death, causing the immune response to slow down.

In this process restores memory, T and B cells, which can initiate a rapid response if the same pathogen reappears.

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25
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to infection.

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26
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization. Adaptive immunity results in immunological memory.

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27
Q

The Lymphatic System

A

Made of a network of vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph.

Includes the spleen and the lymph nodes.

The lyphatic vessels pick up excess fluid from body tissues. This fluid may contain microbes and dead or damaged body cells.

Macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes congregate in the lymph nodes.

If immune cells in a lymph node recognize an antigen, the adaptive immune response is triggered. Lymph nodes are actively involved in fighting an infection and may fill with cells and swell while doing so.

Swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of the location of an infection for physicians.

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28
Q

Immunization

A

The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine to a person.

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29
Q

Vaccines

A

A preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms, inactivated toxins, or components of microorganisms that is administered to stimulate an immune response; a vaccine protects against future infection by the pathogen.

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30
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine

A

A preparation of genetic material that after injection spurs the body to produce parts of a virus and in turn antibodies that protect against it.

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31
Q

In the last century how much have vaccines extended the human lifespan?

A

30 years

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32
Q

Allergies

A

An immune response to normally innocuous foreign chemicals and proteins that is characterized by specific symptoms such as sneezing, rash, and swelling; also called hypersensitivity.

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33
Q

Allergen

A

A substance, such as pollen, that triggers an allergic reaction.

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34
Q

Histamine

A

A chemical released from cells in response to an allergen and responsible for dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

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35
Q

Asthma

A

A disease in which chronic inflammation and periodic constriction of the airways cause wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing.

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36
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death.

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37
Q

Incubation Period

A

The period when bacteria or viruses are actively multiplying inside the body’s cells; usually a period without symptoms of illness.

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38
Q

Chain of Infection

A

The process through which infectious diseases are transmitted from one person to another. New infections can be prevented by interfering with any step in the process.

1 - Pathogen
2 - Reservoir
3 - Portal of Exit
4 - Means of Transmission
5 - Portal of Entry
6 - New Host

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39
Q

First Stage of Chain of Infection

A

Pathogen - It begins with a pathogen.

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40
Q

Second Stage of Chain of Infection

A

Reservoir - Where the pathogen is before infection occurs

This reservoir can be a human, humans don’t have to have symptoms to be contagious.

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41
Q

Third Stage of Chain of Infection

A

Portal of exit - The way in which a pathogen exits the reservoir

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42
Q

Fourth Stage of Chain of Infection

A

Means of transmission - How the pathogen gets from the portal of exit of the reservoir to the portal of entry for the new host

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43
Q

Fifth Stage of Chain of Infection

A

Portal of Entry -The way in which the pathogen gets into the new host

Pathogens can enter through direct contact with or penetration of the skin or mucous membranes, inhalation, or ingestion.

Pathogens that enter into the skin or mucous membranes can cause local infection of the tissue, or they can get into the bloodstream or lymphatic system and cause a systematic infection

STIs usually enter through the mucous membranes lining the urethra (in males) or the cervix (in females)

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44
Q

Sixth Stage of Chain of Infection

A

The new host - Where the pathogen ends up at the end of the chain of infection.

In the new host, a variety of factors determine whether the pathogen will establish itself and cause infection

People with a stronger immune system or higher resistance to a specific pathogen are less likely to become ill than one with a weaker one.

If the conditions are right, the host can become a reservoir and start the chain of infection again.

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45
Q

Reservoir

A

A long-term host in which a pathogen typically lives.

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46
Q

Vectors

A

An insect, rodent, or other organism that carries and transmits a pathogen from one host to another.

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47
Q

Systemic Infection

A

An infection spread by the blood or lymphatic system to large portions of the body.

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48
Q

Epidemic

A

A rapidly spreading disease or health-related condition.

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49
Q

Pandemic

A

A widespread epidemic.

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50
Q

Endemic

A

Occurring regularly in a certain region

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51
Q

Bacterium

A

A microscopic single-celled organism with a cell wall (plural, bacteria). Bacteria may be helpful or harmful to humans.

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52
Q

Bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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53
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

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54
Q

Spirochete

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

55
Q

Vibrious

A

Comma-shaped bacteria

56
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to chemical toxins or irritants.

57
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord).

58
Q

Streptococcus

A

Any of a genus (Streptococcus) of spherical bacteria; streptococcal species can cause skin infections, strep throat, rheumatic fever, pneumonia, scarlet fever, and other diseases.

59
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Any of a genus (Staphylococcus) of spherical, clustered bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages; staphylococcal species may enter the body and cause conditions such as boils, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, and severe skin infections.

60
Q

Tuberculosis

A

A chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs.

61
Q

Lyme’s Disease

A

A disease spread by ticks that is caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi. With up to 300,000 cases per year.

Characterized by a bull’s-eye-shaped red rash, the symptoms get worse the longer you have it. Rarely fatal, and easily curable. Issues only last if treated late. Can cause issues with someone’s body systems and fetal damage if pregnant.

62
Q

Tick-Borne Infections

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted fever, Typhus, Ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease are all Tick-Borne Infections

63
Q

Ulcers

A

90% caused by Helicobacter pylori, if this bacterium is found in test, antibiotics often cure the infection and the ulcers.

64
Q

Tetanus

A

Aka lockjaw, this disease is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which thrives in deep puncture wounds and produces a deadly toxin. Fatal 30% of the time, and 31,100 newborns die each year through infection by unsterile cutting of the umbilical cord.

65
Q

Pertussis

A

aka Whooping cough, caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Most cases in kids too young to be fully vaccinated.

Characterized by bursts of rapid coughing, followed by a long attempt at inhalation that is often accompanied by a high-priced whoop.

66
Q

Clostridium Difficile

A

Emerging threat in American health care settings, particularly hospitals.

67
Q

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

A

Infection of the Urinary Tract. Most commonly cause by E. Coli

68
Q

Traveler’s Diarrhea (TD)

A

Symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Lasts 3–7 days if untreated.

69
Q

Antibiotics

A

A synthetic or naturally occurring substance that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria, fungi, or protozoa.

70
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

You can help fight against this problem by not asking for antibiotics unless you really need them.

71
Q

Virus

A

A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; lacks an independent metabolism and reproduces only within a host cell.

72
Q

The Common Cold

A

May be caused by any of more than 200 viruses. Rhinoviruses and coronaviruses make up a large percentage of all colds in adults. To reduce risk of contracting, wash your hands.

73
Q

Influenza

A

Infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly infectious and prone to variation; the form changes rapidly; commonly known as the flu.

74
Q

Vaccines & Childhood Diseases

A

Due to effective vaccines, three viral childhood illnesses that have deceased in the United States are measles, mumps, and rubella.

75
Q

Herpesviruses

A

A large family of viruses responsible for cold sores, mononucleosis, chickenpox, shingles, and the sexually transmitted infection herpes; causes latent infections.

76
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or toxins; some forms of infectious hepatitis can be transmitted sexually.

77
Q

Jaundice

A

Increased bile pigment levels in the blood, characterized by yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.

78
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

The pathogen that causes human warts, including genital warts, as well as anal and genital cancers.

There are more than 200 types of HPV. They cause a variety of warts, and sometimes cancer. The warts can be removed via freezing or lasers. Warts can reappear.

79
Q

Treating Viral Illnesses

A

Antiviral drugs typically work by interfering at some segment of the viral life cycle;
For example, they may prevent a virus from entering body cells or from successfully reproducing within cells.

80
Q

Fungus

A

A single-celled or multicelled organism that reproduces by spores and feeds on organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. Fungal diseases include yeast infections, athlete’s foot, and ringworm.

81
Q

Protozoan

A

A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease; plural, protozoa.

82
Q

Malaria

A

A severe, recurrent, mosquito-borne infection caused by the parasitic protozoan Plasmodium.

83
Q

Giardiasis

A

An intestinal disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia.

84
Q

Parasitic worms

A

A pathogen that causes intestinal and other infections; includes tapeworms, hookworms, pinworms, and flukes.

85
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A
  • Zika
  • Ebola
  • West Nile Virus
  • Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
86
Q

Zika

A

Transmitted by several species of Aedes mosquitoes. It can spread through sex with an infected partner, and can be passed from pregnant women to their fetus.

In most people, the symptoms are very minor, but a small proportion of people develop the much more serious Guillain-Barré syndrome.

87
Q

Ebola

A

Transmitted to people from wild animals Infected people can then transmit the virus to other through direct contact with blood or body fluids, or objects that have been contaminated. It is rare, and has an average fatality rate of about 50%

88
Q

West Nile virus

A

Carried by birds, and passed when a mosquito bites an infected bird and then a person. 80% of people don’t develop serious infection.

89
Q

Pathogenic E. coli

A

Some strains of E. Coli cause diarrhea, and 6 cause disease. It can be spread through contaminated foods, swimming pool water, or contact with an infected animal, which can be healthy and still have and spread it.

90
Q

Covid-19

A

Respiratory illness cause by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are a large, diverse family of viruses. Covid-19 can lead to potentially serious illness. Symptoms vary, and there are multiple vaccines you can get, they have been extremely effective in the US.

91
Q

Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections

A
  • Antibiotic Resistance
  • Poverty
  • Poor Public Health Infrastructure
  • Inadequate Vaccination
  • International Tourism and Trade
  • Natural Disasters
  • Mass Production of Food
  • Human Behavior
92
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

When the immune system breaks down, “self” may be misread and attacked as “nonself” resulting in autoimmune disease.

93
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

A

An infection that is transmitted mainly by sexual contact; some can also be transmitted by other means.

94
Q

What rank cause of death is HIV/AIDS for 25-34 year olds in the United States

A

Ninth (2021)

95
Q

How much does the US spend each year due to STIs

A

16 billion per year (2021)

96
Q

7 Major Health Threat STIs

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Herpes
  • Hepatitis
  • Syphilis
97
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

The virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS

98
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

An advanced stage of HIV infection.

99
Q

Populations disproportionality burdened (US)

A
  • People in the Southern US
  • Gay men and other men who have sex with men
  • Transgender women
  • African Americans
  • Latinos
  • Youth
100
Q

HIV Infection

A

A chronic, progressive viral infection that damages the immune system.

101
Q

CD4T Cells

A

A type of white blood cell that helps coordinate the activity of the immune system; the primary target of HIV infection. A decrease in the number of these cells correlates with the severity of HIV-related illness.

102
Q

Opportunistic (secondary) Infections

A

An infection caused when organisms take the opportunity presented by a acute (initial) infection to multiply and cause a new, different infection.

103
Q

Asymptomatic

A

Showing no signs or symptoms of a disease.

104
Q

HIV Transmission

A

More likely to be trasnmitted by anal or vaginal intercourse without a condom. During vaginal intercourse male to female transmission is more likely than female to male. Transmission can occur before ejaculation

105
Q

HIV Symptoms

A

In the days or weeks following infection with HIV, most people develop sumptoms, which can include fever, fatigue, rashes, headache, swollen lymph nodes, body aches, night sweats, sore throat, nausea, and ulcers in the mouth. Likely to get pneumocytis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma.

106
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia

A

A fungal infection common in people infected with HIV.

107
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

A form of cancer characterized by purple or brownish lesions that are generally painless and occur anywhere on the skin; usually appears in persons infected with HIV.

108
Q

HIV Antibody Tests

A

A blood test to determine whether a person has been infected with HIV; becomes positive within weeks or months of exposure.

109
Q

Nucleic Acid Tests (NATs)

A

A test used to detect the presence of HIV RNA and to determine the viral load (the amount of HIV in the blood).

110
Q

Combination HIV antigen/antibody tests

A

A blood test that detects the presence of HIV p24 antigen, an early marker for HIV infection, as well as HIV antibodies.

111
Q

HIV treatment

A

There is no known cure in western medicine, but there are medications that significantly extend the life span and alter the course of disease.

112
Q

HIV Prevention/Protection

A

You can get PrEP medications to prevent you from getting HIV, usually only taken for people who are high risk. To prevent getting HIV you should practice safe sex, get tested, and be informed.

113
Q

Chlymidia

A

An STI transmitted by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

114
Q

Gonorrhea

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae that usually affects mucous membranes.

115
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

A

An ascending infection that progresses from the vagina and cervix to the uterus, oviducts, and pelvic cavity.

116
Q

Laparoscopy

A

A method of examining the internal organs by inserting a tube containing a small light through an abdominal incision.

117
Q

Genital Warts

A

A sexually transmitted viral infection characterized by growths on the genitals; also called genital HPV infection or condyloma. Persistence of HPV infection predisposes the infected person to some forms of genital cancers.

118
Q

Genital Herpes

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus

119
Q

Syphilis

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

120
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

A sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

121
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

A

A condition that may be linked to sexual activity; caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria inhabiting the vagina.

122
Q

Pubic Lice

A

Parasites that infest the hair of the pubic region; commonly called crabs.

123
Q

Scabies

A

A contagious skin disease caused by a type of burrowing parasitic mite.

124
Q

Chancre

A

The sore produced by syphilis in its earliest stage.

125
Q

Intracellular Pathogens

A

Pathogens Inside a body cells

126
Q

Extracellular

A

Pathogens outside a body cell

127
Q

Cytokines

A

Special growth stimulants that signal molecules to regulate immunity, inflammation, and production of blood cells and platelets.

128
Q

Direct Transmission

A

The pathogen is passed from one person to another without an intermediary.
ex. sexual contact and contact with blood.

129
Q

Indirect Transmission

A

Animals or insects such as rats, ticks, and mosquitoes serve as vectors, carrying the pathogen from one host to another.

This can also be when pathogens are transmitted through contaminated soil, food, or water, when they float in the air for long periods, or travel on dust particles.

130
Q

Fomite

A

Non-living objects that transmit disease causing pathogens.

131
Q

H1N1 Influenza

A

Last global pandemic before covid in 2009. Also called Swine flu. Comes from multiple different strains of influenza. Vaccination is recommended ended for people at high risk.

132
Q

Guidelines for immune system support

A
  • Get enough sleep
  • Regular Eating Patterns
  • Wash Hands Frequently
  • Avoid People Contagious with Infectious Disease
  • Drink Clean Water
  • Avoid disease carrying animals
  • Never Touch or feed wild animals
  • Make sure you have received all your recommended vaccinations, and they are up-to-date.
133
Q

Urethritis

A

A condition that can be caused by both Gonorrhea and Chlamydia that causes urinary discomfort and discharge from the penis.
Both men and women can have it.

HLE 1150 (22 decks)

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