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HLE 1150 > Test 3 (Chapters 10-13) > Flashcards

Test 3 (Chapters 10-13) Flashcards

1
Q

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

A lipoprotein containing relatively little cholesterol that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries and thus protects against heart diseases; also known as “good” cholesterol.

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2
Q

Amino Acid

A

One of the building blocks of proteins; 20 common amino acids are found in foods. 9 of these Amino Acids are essential (Sometimes called indispensable)

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3
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Dietary components the body must get from foods or supplements because it cannot manufacture them to meet its needs.

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A

An essential nutrient, required for energy for cells; sugars, starches, and dietary fiber are all carbohydrates.

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5
Q

Macronutrient

A

An important nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts.
ex. protein, fat, carbohydrates, and water

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6
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is the body’s basic fuel.

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7
Q

Kilocalorie

A

A measure of energy content in food; 1 kilocalorie represents the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1°C; commonly referred to as a calorie.

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8
Q

Protein

A

An essential nutrient that forms important parts of the body’s main structures (muscles and bones) as well as blood, enzymes, hormones, and cell membranes; also provides energy. 4 calories per gram.

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9
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

A lipoprotein containing a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol, which tends to become deposited on artery walls and increase the risk of heart disease; also known as “bad” cholesterol.

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10
Q

Cholesterol

A

?

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11
Q

Nutrient Dense

A

The ratio of a food’s essential nutrients to its calories.

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12
Q

Fats

A
  • 9 calories per gram
  • also known as lipids
  • most concentrated source of energy
  • insolates body
    -helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins
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13
Q

Types of Carbohydrates

A

Simple Carbohydrates:
Single sugar molecules (monosaccharides) and double sugar molecules (disaccharides).

The monosaccharides are glucose (common sugar used by plants and animals), fructose (sweet sugar found in fruits), and galactose (sugar found in milk).

Disaccharides are pairs of simple sugars
ex. sucrose/table sugar (fructose + glucose), maltose or malt sugar (glucose +glucose) and lactose/milk sugar (galactose + glucose)

Complex Carbohydrates:
Include starches, which are found in a variety of plants, especially grains (wheat, rye, rice, oats, barley, and millet), legumes (dry beans, peas, and lentils), and tubers (potatoes and yams) , and also dietary fiber found in grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts.

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14
Q

Naturally Occurring Plant Substances

A

Phytochemical’s?
A naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent and treat chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease; phyto means “plant.”

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15
Q

Folic Acid

A

Women who are capable of getting pregnant should get 400 pnug of pic acid per day?

Manufacturers have begun fortifying breads and grains with folic acid to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects

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16
Q

Dirty Dozen Fruit

A

List of fruit that is the most polluted by pesticides
1. Strawberries
2. Spinach
3. Kale, collard & mustard greens
4. Peaches
5. Pears
6. Nectarines
7. Apples
8. Grapes
9. Bell & Hot Peppers
10. Cherries
11. Blueberries
12. Green Beans

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17
Q

Cardiorespritory Endurance

A

The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.

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18
Q

Flexibility

A

The joints’ ability to move through their full range of motion.

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19
Q

Skill Related Fitness

A

Physical abilities that contribute to performance in a sport or activity, including speed, power, agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time.

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20
Q

Health-Related Fitness

A

Physical capabilities that contribute to health, including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

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21
Q

Exercise

A

Planned, structured, repetitive body movement intended to improve or maintain physical fitness.

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22
Q

Muscular Strength

A

The force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.

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23
Q

Fat-free mass

A

The nonfat components of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water.

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24
Q

Body Composition

A

The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body.

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25
Q

Physical Activity

A

Any body movement carried out by the skeletal muscles requiring energy.

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26
Q

Health Benefits of Physical Activity

A
  • Improved Cardiorespiratory Functioning
  • More Efficient Metabolism
  • Improved Cell Health
  • Improved Body Composition
  • Disease Prevention and Management
  • Reduced Anxiety and Depression
  • Improved Sleep
  • Reduced Stress
  • Enhanced Self-esteem, self-confidence, self-efficacy
  • Enhanced creativity and intellectual functioning
  • Improved work productivity
  • Increased opportunities for social interaction
  • Improved Immune Function
  • Prevention of Injuries and Low-Back Pain
  • Improved Wellness for life
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27
Q

Cardiorespritory fitness

A

The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high levels of intensity.

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28
Q

Sedentary

A

Sitting down, not moving or being active.

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29
Q

FITT-VP

A

Frequency - How many days a week
Intensity- How hard you work out
Time- The amount of time you spend per session
Type- The Specific kind of exercise you do
Volume- The total amount of exercise
Progression- How quickly you increase intensity

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30
Q

Body Mass Index

A

A calculated measure of human body shape; the ratio of mass (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared: weight/height^2

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31
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Connective tissue in which fat is stored.

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32
Q

Percent Body Fat

A

The percentage of total body weight that is composed of fat.

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33
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A

Fat located under the skin.

34
Q

Female Athletic Triad

A

A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising) followed by lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis).

35
Q

Visceral Fat

A

Fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat.

36
Q

Obesity

A

Severe overweight, characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat; may also be defined in terms of some measure of total body weight.

37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

A disease that disrupts normal metabolism, interfering with cells’ ability to take in glucose for energy production.

38
Q

Overweight

A

Body weight above the recommended range for good health.

39
Q

Essential Fat

A

Fat incorporated in various tissues of the body; critical for normal body functioning.

40
Q

Anorexia

A

An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat; self-starvation.

41
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging—overeating and then using compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, laxatives, and excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.

42
Q

Binge-Eating Disorder

A

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating and a lack of control over eating behavior in general.

43
Q

Amount of Healthy Weight Loss Per Week

A

0.5-2 pounds a week

44
Q

Body Image

A

The mental representation a person holds about their body at any given time, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about the body.

45
Q

Eating Disorder Treatment

A

Treatment of eating disorders usually involves a combination of psychotherapy and medical management

46
Q

Systole

A
  • The contraction phase of the heart.
  • Blood is pumped out of the heart
47
Q

Artery

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

48
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the right side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.

49
Q

Hypertension

A

Sustained abnormally high blood pressure. Risk factor for many forms of Cardiovascular Disease

50
Q

Vein

A

A vessel that carries blood to the heart.

51
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

The part of the circulatory system controlled by the left side of the heart: the circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

52
Q

Plaque

A

A deposit on the inner wall of blood vessels; blood can coagulate around plaque and form a clot.

53
Q

Diastole

A
  • The relaxation phase of the heart.
  • Heart Fills with blood
54
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cardiovascular disease caused by the deposit of fatty substances (called plaque) in the walls of the arteries.

55
Q

Triglyceride

A

A type of blood fat that can be a predictor of heart disease. High Triglyceride levels are a reliable predictor of heart disease, especially with other risk factors.

56
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

An inherited condition in which there is an enlargement of the heart muscle, especially the muscle between the two ventricles.

57
Q

Aneurysm

A

A sac or outpouching formed by a distention or dilation of the artery wall.

58
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

A small stroke; usually a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain, causing numbness or difficulty with speech.

59
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain due to coronary heart disease.

60
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (Cardiomyopathy)

A

A condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to keep up with the body’s metabolic needs; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body.

61
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel that has already been damaged by plaque buildup; the clot may lead to stroke.

62
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Cardiovascular disease caused by hardening of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart muscle; also called coronary artery disease.

63
Q

Embolus

A

A blood clot that breaks off from its place of origin in a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream.

64
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

A condition in which the mitral valve billows out during ventricular contraction, allowing leakage of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

65
Q

Heart Attack

A

Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, resulting from a failure of the coronary arteries to deliver enough blood to the heart; also known as myocardial infarction (MI).

66
Q

Heart Attack Symptoms

A
  • Chest Pain or Pressure
  • Arm, neck, or jaw pain
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Excessive Sweating
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Loss of Consciousness
67
Q

Racial Group with the Highest prevalence of CVD

A

African Americans

68
Q

Heart Healthy Diet

A
69
Q

Common Death amongst people with diabetes

A
70
Q

Cancer

A
  • The abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells.
  • May ultimately lead to death if untreated.
71
Q

Benign Tumor

A

A tumor that is not cancerous.

72
Q

Polyp

A

A small, usually harmless mass of tissue that projects from the inner surface of the colon or rectum.

73
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

74
Q

Pap test

A

A scraping of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope to detect cancer.

75
Q

Remission

A

A period during the course of cancer in which there are no symptoms or other evidence of disease.

76
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer arising from bone, cartilage, or striated muscle.

77
Q

Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation

A

Light rays of a specific wavelength emitted by the sun; most UV rays are blocked by the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Excessive exposure causes most cases of skin cancer.

78
Q

Carotenoid

A

Any of a group of yellow-to-red plant pigments that can be converted to vitamin A by the liver; many act as antioxidants or have other anticancer effects. The carotenoids include beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin.

79
Q

Biopsy

A

The removal of a small piece of body tissue to allow for microscopic examination; a needle biopsy uses a needle to remove a small sample of tissue, but some biopsies require surgery.

80
Q

Carcinoma

A
  • Cancer that originates in epithelial tissue (skin, glands, and lining of internal organs).
  • Most Common type of cancer
81
Q

Phytochemical

A

A naturally occurring substance found in plant foods that may help prevent and treat chronic diseases like cancer and heart disease; phyto means “plant.”

82
Q

Lung Cancer

A

HLE 1150 (22 decks)

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