Test 3.7 Flashcards
What is diabetes mellitus
Group of metabolic disorder resulting from defects insulin secretion, action or both
- absolute insufficiency
- impaired insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance
- secondary to metabolic disease/disorder
- gestational diabetes
What are the two types of diabetes mellitus
Type 1- insulin deficiency
Type 2- peripheral insulin resistance
Explain type 2 diabetes
Thought as a gradual process
May have to manage hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration and electrolyte
Patient needs to be supervised
Older athletes with diabetes are at risk for what?
Cardiac disease
Foot fractures
Ocular complications
What is the main risk with diabetes and exercise
Hypoglycemia
What results from poor management/dosing with diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis (type 1)
Osmotic diuresis
When does insulin shock occur
When the body has too much insulin and too little blood sugar
Hypoglycemia (below 70mg/dL)
What are the signs and symptoms of insulin shock
Tingling in mouth/hands Weakness Headache Abdominal pain Normal or shallow breaths Rapid pulse Tremor Drowsiness
What does diabetic coma consist of
Hyperglycemia (above 180mg/dL)
Ketoacidosis
- severe insulin deficiency
- medical emergency
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetic coma
Fruity odor Rapid breathing Dehydration Loss of appetite Increased thirst Slowing of visual reaction time
What are the causes of sudden death and what has to occur for it to be classified as sudden death
Caradic conditions Pulmonary problems Hyperthermia Drug abuse Blunt trauma Sarcoidosis Exercise induced anaphylaxis
Death has to occur within 24 hrs
What is the treatment for ketoacidosis that occur with diabetes mellitus
Fluid and electrolyte therapy Insulin therapy Monitoring urine BP Mental status Have snacks available
Hyperglycemia can lead to
Hyperosmolar state which is often higher mortality rate
What is mononucleosis
Epstein-Barr virus = infectious agent in mononucleosis
Where is mononucleosis commonly seen
In adolescents and young adults
Name the illness
Characterized by prolonged incubation with a wide variety of clinical manifestation
Mononucleosis
What are the sign & symptoms of mononucleosis
Sore throat, fever, headache, lymphadenopathy, malaise, lymphoytosis
Be mindful of spleen health
What does sickle cell trait include
1 gene for normal Hb
1 gene for sickle Hb
Causes no amenia but few clinical problems
What are two things that sickle cell trait causes
Splenic infraction
Acute extertional rhabdomyolysis
Both are life threatening
What is splenic infarction
Pain in upper left quadrant
Nausea and vomitting
What does acute Exertional rhabdomyolysis include
Sickle cells can “logjam” blood vessels and lead to the rapid breakdown of muscles starved of blood
What is the treatment for an athlete with sickle cell trait
Stop activity upon struggling
Stay hydrated
Allow athlete to set their own pace
What should you do in an event of a collapse with a sickle cell trait athlete
Check vitals
Administer O2
Cool if neccessary
Transport
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for pre-hypertension
120-139 sys
80-89 dia
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for stage 1 hypertension
140-159 sys
90-99 dia
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for stage 2 hypertension
> 160 sys
> 100 dia
What does HTN stand for
Hypertension
What is critical for prevention of hypertension
Lifestyle modifications
What is hypertensive emergency include
HTN with acute impairment of the central nervous system, cardiovascular system or renal system
What does hypertensive urgency include
Severe elevation of BP without evidence of progressive target organ dysfunction
What does TOD stand for
Target organ dysfunction
What are some common traits with hypertensive urgency
More common in African American
More prevalent in males vs. females
More common with advancing age
Death rates from both ischemic heart disease and stroke increase progressively as
BP increases
When does mortality rate from heart disease and stroke doubles
For every 20 mmHg systolic increase or 10 mmHg increases in diastolic BP
What is the acute treatment for hypertensive urgency
Emergency department care
- consider TOD
- work to lower BP
Follow-Up
What are the specific symptoms for hypertensive urgency
Chest pain (MI)
Back pain (aortic dissection)
Dyspnea(heart failure/pulmonary edema)
Neurological symptoms
What are the differential diagnosis for hypertensive urgency
Renal disease Cardiac disease Systemic disorders Endocrine disorders Drug interactions
