Test 3 Flashcards
What are the different signs of skull fractures
Raccoon sign Battle sign CSF double halo CSF rhinorrhea CSF otorrhea
How many brain injuries occur in sports each year
1.6-3.8 million
What does TBI stand for
Traumatic brain injury
True or false
TBI can occur in recreational and workplace/industrial settings and are common in motor vehicle accidents
True
True or false
Concussion identification and assessment is constantly changing due to our improving research and understanding injuries
True
Cerebral concussion injury is associated with?
Virtually every sport
What’s the definition of second impact syndrome
Occurs when a second injury to the brain occurs before the symptoms associated with an initial brain injury have fully cleared
What may second impact syndrome cause
May cause deterioration resulting in death or vegetative state
Since 1945 how many brain injures have result for football
510
When was the reduction of football fatalities due to brain injury and why
Mid 1970 and due to equipment improvement
True or false
Nonfatal brain injures have seen gradual increase over time
True
Children younger than _____ represent the majority of all cases of TBI
15
TBI is higher in which gender
Males
Who are at increased risk for second impact syndrome?
Adolescents
What is pathomechanics
Transient neurological dysfunction resulting from applied force to the head
What is coup injury
Forceful blow to the resting movable head produces brain injury beneath point of cranial impact
What is contrecoup injury
Forceful blow to the moving head produces brain injury opposite site of cranial impact
What is the difference between coup and countercoup
The result of brain leg and distribution of CSF
What does CSF stand for
Cerebrospinal fluid
What are the two types of traumatic brain injuries
Focal and diffuse
What’s focal brain injury
Post-traumatic intracranial mass lesions
What’s diffuse brain injury
Disruption of neurological function, bout usually associated with macroscopic brain lesions
What is acute neurometabolic cascade
Involves accelerated glycolysis and increase lactate production
How long does decreases cerebral blood flow last
10 days
What happens during decrease cerebral blood flow
The younger athlete is at greatest risk for sudden death
What is cerebral contusion
Brain tissue suffers bruising when object hits the skull
What is associated with cerebral contusion
Partial paralysis or hemiplegia; one sided pupil dilation, altered vital signs
Also brain swelling
What are the two types of cerebral hematoma
Epidural
Subdural
What is cerebral hematoma
Results in increase intracranial pressure and possible shifting of cerebral hemisphere
What does cerebral hematoma cause
Decline in neurological function
What is epidural hematoma
Result of severe blow to head producing skull fracture in temporoparietal region
What is Subdural hematoma
Caused by blow to head resulting in brain being thrust against point of contact
How can you prevent head injuries
Properly fitted equipment
Cervical muscle strength
Respect for playing rules
How should concussion be managed
Recognize injury and severity
Determine if athlete needs more attention
Decide for return to play
Well developed protocol
What’s the first step in recognition
Education intervention for everyone
Majority of concussion involve?
No LOC but will be dazed, dizzy, with impaired balance
What’s retrograde amensia
Occurs when athlete has difficulty remember events preceding injury
What’s anterograde amensia
Occurs when the athlete has difficulty remembering events after injury
How often are vital signs monitored
Every 1-2 mintues
Prolonged unconsciousness lasting longer than 1 requires ?
Inline immobilization and immediate transfer
Are orientation questions good to ask
May not be good discriminators between injured and noniniured athlete
What’s sideline assessment include
Observation and palpating
Testing cranial nerves
Test BP
Check level of consciousness
Should athletes return to play on the same day of suspected cerebral concussion
No
What does BESS stand for
Balance error scoring system
What are error in BESS
Hands lifted off iliac crest Open eyes Step, stumble, fall Hip flex in more then 30 degrees Lift forefoot or heel
How is BESS calculated
By adding error points
What does SAC stand for
Standardized assessment of concussion
What does SCAT3 stand for
Sport concussion assessment tool 3
What types of medications should be avoided when concussed
Aspirin or NSAIDS
What is a medicine that can be used for pain relieving effects
Acetaminophen
How long does concussion typically last for college and highschool athletes
College 5-7 days
Highschool last longer then college
What’s the time of death for second impact syndrome
2-5 mintues
Autoregulatory is associated with what injury
Second impact syndrome
How long should each step take for return to play and how many days does it involve
24 hrs and 5-7 frats from the time at which athlete is first symptom free
What are the 6 rehab stages for concussion
No activity
Light aerobic exercise
Sport specific exercise
Non contact training drills
Full contact practice
Return to play
