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biochemistry Jonklaas > test 3: lipids > Flashcards

test 3: lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is a lipid

A

: A hydrophobic biological substance that is has a much higher affinity for an organic solvent than for water

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2
Q

many biological lipids are what

A

ampipathic

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3
Q

what is the 1st class of lipids

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

how many carbons are in a long chain oc carboxulic acids

A

even number maybe 40

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5
Q

what does it mean to be saturated

A

no double bonds
ex: steric acid

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6
Q

what does unstaturated mean

A

has double bonds
example: oleic acid

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7
Q

the double bonds are in what confirmation

A

cis

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8
Q

what is the 2nd class of lipids

A

biologic. waxes

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9
Q

what are waxes

A

nonpolar esters of fatty acids and long chain alcohols.

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10
Q

how to make a wax

A

alcohol + acid = ester

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11
Q

example of a biolog. wax

A

beeswax

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12
Q

what is the 3rd class of lipids

A

triaglyceralds (TAGS)

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13
Q

what is TAG made from

A

esterification of 3 fatty acids + glucerol

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14
Q

what charge does TAG have

A

neutralized = completey hydrophobic

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15
Q

what is considered a nutriionla fat

A

triglyceride

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16
Q

how to name fatty acids

A

delta nomenclature is carboxyl C gets
- indicate the # of double bonds after colon
- indicate location of DB from head w/ greek Delta

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17
Q

omega nomenclature

A
  • everything is the same but the location of the db from the tail end
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18
Q

what atre TAGS stored with

A

lipases

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19
Q

what do lipases do

A

break tag ester bonds
get energy though glycolysis and TCA

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20
Q

what are some advantages relative to carbs

A

more energy 9 Kcal compated to 4 Kcal for carbs
- also have insultation

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21
Q

where do TAGS store water

A

in adipocytes

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22
Q

what are some disadvantages relative to carbs with TAGS

A
  • take longer to access the stored energy
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23
Q

what is saponification

A

chemical process of turning fats or oils into soap and glycerol and treating them with a strong base like NaOH or Potassium KOH

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24
Q

what formation is entropically driven

A

micelle formation

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25
Q

what is the 4th class of lipids

A

glycerophospholipids

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26
Q

what is another name for glycerophospholipids

A

phosphoglycerides

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27
Q

in phoshphoglycerides what carbon is chiral

A

C2

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28
Q

what carbon is esterified to saturated fatty acids

A

c1

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29
Q

what carbon is esterified to unsaturated fatty acids

A

c2

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30
Q

what structure is this

A

phosphoglyceride

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31
Q

what are glycerophospholipids

A

like triaglyercols but have a c3 phosphoester instead of acyl ester

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32
Q

what is the simplest glyceophospholipid

A

x=h= phosphatidic acid

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33
Q

what are the 3 common glycerophospholipids

A
  • phosphatidylcholine
  • phosphotidylethanolamine
  • phosphotidylserine
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34
Q

what is another name for phosphatidyl choline

A

lecithin

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35
Q

what structure is this

A

phosphatidyl serine

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36
Q

what is this

A

phosphatidyl choline

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37
Q

what is this

A

phosphatidyl ethanolamine

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38
Q

what structure is this

A

lecithin or phosphatidylcholine

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39
Q

what is the name of a lung surfactant

A

dipalmitoulphosphatidulcholine (DPP)

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40
Q

where is DPP esterified

A
  • palmatic acid esterified to c1 and c2
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41
Q

what is the role of DPP

A
  • lung surfactant
  • decreases the surface tension of liquid coating the alveoli
  • prevents them from collapsing due to surface tension of water
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42
Q

what is ether glycerophospholipids

A

have ether at group at c-1

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43
Q

where is ether glycerophospholipid found

A

platelet activated factor

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44
Q

what is PAF

A
  • short acetate chain at c-2
  • potent and versitile biochemical signal molecule
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45
Q

how was PAF identified

A

ability to cause platelet aggregation

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46
Q

what is the head group of PAF or ether glycerophospholipids

A

choline

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47
Q

what is another ether glycerophospholipid

A

plasmalogens

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48
Q

describe the ethers in plasmalogens

A
  • cis
  • alpha,beta unsaturated ether
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49
Q

what is the headgroup for plasmalogens

A
  • phosphoserine
  • phosphocholine
    phosphoethanolamine
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50
Q

are glycerophospholipids amphipathic

A

yes they have a polar head and two non polar tails

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51
Q

two tailed lipids form what

A

bilyaer membrane

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52
Q

one tailed lipid makes what

A

micelles

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53
Q

what structure is this

A

Na palmitate

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54
Q

what structure is this

A

bilayer vesicle

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55
Q

what is a liposome

A

artifiical bilayer vesciles

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56
Q

what are liposomes made from

A

glycerophospholipid

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57
Q

what is the function of liposome

A

delivery vehicle
- used to get hydrophillic drugs into cells (doxorubican)

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58
Q

what is a sphingosine

A

18 carbon amino alcohol

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59
Q

sphingosine a fatty

A

amine

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60
Q

what structure is this

A

sphingosine

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61
Q

what is the 5th class of lipids

A

sphingolipids

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62
Q

what db confirmation is present on sphingosine

A

trans

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63
Q

what is the a sphingolipid

A

lipids made out of sphingosine

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64
Q

is the FA attached satured or non saturared on a sphingolipid

A

saturated meaning no DB

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65
Q

what are the different names of sphingolipids

A
  • ceramide
    -sphingomyelin
  • cebroside
  • globoside
  • ganglioside
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66
Q

how is the sugar linked to the ceramide

A

B- glycosidic bond

67
Q

what acid is considreed a sphingolipid

A

sialic acid

68
Q

what do sphingomyelins contain

A

contain phosphocholine (shown) or phosphoethanolamine as their polar head group

69
Q

what structure is this

A

gangliosides

70
Q

gangliosides contain what

A

at least one sialic acid residue that gives them -ve charge

71
Q

what are cell membrane carbs attatched to

A

are attached to cell membrane proteins (glycoproteins
- cell membrane lipids (glycolipids)

72
Q

where do cell membrane carbs face

A

outside of the cell

73
Q

in animal cells what is the cell membrane carb called

A

glycocalyx

74
Q

how do cell mem. carbs mediate cell-cell interactions

A

function in cell-to-cell recognition/ interaction / adhesion

75
Q

what else do cell mem carbs do

A

serve at attachment points for bacteria, viruses, toxins, signaling hormones

76
Q

describe how a flu infection works

A

For a flu virus to penetrate the cells of the respiratory tract,

its thorn-like hemagglutinin molecules have to dock to N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) molecules on the surface of the host cell

causing the host cell to ingest the virus

77
Q

what defines blood type

A

carb patterns of certain sphingolipids and glycoproteins

78
Q

what breaks down sphingolipids

A

catabolic enzymes

79
Q

how can disease in sphingolipids happen

A

when there is an absence of one enzyme bc it can lead to the accumulation of gangliosides in the cell

80
Q

what is an example of a disease that is formed from ganglioside accumulation

A

tay sachs

81
Q

what does a defect in hexoaminadase lead to

A

buildup of ganglioside GM2 in nerve killing cells; killing the

82
Q

what is the 6th class of lipid

A

terpenoids

83
Q

what are terpenoids or isoprenoids

A

lipids built from isoprene units

84
Q

how many carbons does isoprene have

A

5

85
Q

2 isoprenes =

A

terpene

86
Q

what are complex terpenoids bult from

A

multiple isoprene

87
Q

what produces terpenes

A

wide variety of plants and some insects

88
Q

what are archael cell membranes

A

built from glycerophospholipids with isoprenoid tails and ether linkages

89
Q

what vitamins are isoprenoids

A

ADEK which are fat soluble

90
Q

what are vitamins

A

compounds that are essential to the health of humans and other vertebrates

91
Q

squalene cyclization =

A

steroid nulceus backbone

92
Q

what is a squalene

A

triterpene

93
Q

are steroids terpenoids

A

yes

94
Q

how can you form an epoxide from squalene

A

enzyme catalyzed addition of oxygen atom

95
Q

where are steoids most present

A

euk cells

96
Q

what is a steroid characterized by

A
  • steroid nucleus
  • 4 fused rings: 3 6ix membered rings in fixed chair conform, one 5 membered ring fused together
97
Q

what is an example of a steroid

A

cholesterol

98
Q

are the cholesterol rings planar

A

yes

99
Q

what is the most common steroid in animals

A

cholestoerol and its a pre

100
Q

what structure is this

A

steroid

101
Q

what do steroid homones do in animals

A

including salt balance, metabolic function and sexual function

102
Q

what is a steroid that regulates glucose metabolism and is in control of inflammation

A

cortisol or glucosortisoud

103
Q

what are the names of the sex steroids

A

progresterone
androstenedione

104
Q

what signaling are steroid apart of

A

endocrine meaning they are secreted by glands and are carried through the bloodstream

105
Q

lipid soluble steroids

A

receptors are cytoplasmic

106
Q

bacteria can’t synthesize what

A

steroids

107
Q

what does vitamin D3 regulate

A

ca+2 metabolism
bone growth and repaur

108
Q

what are bile acids

A

oxidaive derivatives of cholesterol

109
Q

are bile acids amphipathic

A

yes

110
Q

fat absorption requries what

A

bile salts bc they aid in digestion by dissolving fats in the small intestine allowing absoprtion into the blood

111
Q

what role does bile salt play also

A

cofactors and pigments

112
Q

what helps with cholesterol transport

A

cholesterol esters that help in lipoproteins

113
Q

what are cholesterol esters

A
  • made from fatty acid esterified to cholesterol alcohol
114
Q

in the liver what happens with cholesteryl ester synthesis

A

acytl-coa-cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT)

115
Q

Outside of the cells where does CES (chol. esther synthesis happen)

A

On HDLs
- lechtin cholesterol acyl transferase

116
Q

TAGS are insoluble where

A

in plasma

117
Q

cholesterol is almost what

A

insoluble

118
Q

why do we have lipoproteins

A

bc Tags and cholesterol are not soluble so we need something to help with transport

119
Q

how does the glycerphospholipid skin help with transport

A

Allows TAGs & cholesterols to be transported to various organs in the body for utilization as fuel / deposition in the storage mode (adipose tissue).

120
Q

what classifies lipoprotein

A

density

121
Q

large lipopro have what type of density

A

lowest

122
Q

VLDL

A

very low D:

123
Q

what are chylomicrons

A

-transport dietary TAGs+chol from intestines –> liver (TAGs –> muscle + adipose

124
Q

wht is IDL

A

intermediate DL
- cholesterol management and triglyceride delivery

125
Q

LDL

A

low density lipoprptein
-“bad” cholesterol tranports cholesterol from the LIVER

126
Q

WHAT IS LDL ASSOCIATED WITH

A

DEPOSITION OF CHOLESTEROL ON THE ARTIERLA WALLS

127
Q

WHAT IS HDL

A

“GOOD” cholesteron
- transports cholesterol to the liver,carries cholsteral out of the blood

128
Q

atherosclerosis

A

means there is too much LDL

129
Q

what is the flow of cholesterol

A

vLDL- idl- Ldl–> HDLs

130
Q

what happens during heart attack

A
  • rupture of arterial plaque
  • blood clot that cause blockage of artery
  • No RBS meaning no O2 supplu
  • heart muscle death
  • can result in phyical death
131
Q

what is derived from VLDls

A

idls

132
Q

what is the pirmary cholsterol deliverty to cell

A

Ldls and Idls

133
Q

what carries cholesterol from cells for disposal back to liver

A

HDLs

134
Q

what is a phospholipase

A
  • enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester/ phosphoester bond of phospholipids
135
Q

what contains phospholipases in snakes

A

venom

136
Q

what does the phospholipase rxn produce

A

a lysophospholipid that acts as a detergent that dissolves RBC membranes causing them to rupture

137
Q

what turns phospholipid into lysophospholipid

A

phospholipase A2

138
Q

what are eicosansoids

A

derivatives of arachidonic acid
- released by cleaveage from membrane phospholipids

139
Q

what is NSAID

A
  • nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs: ibuprofen, naproxen, asprin
140
Q

what inhibitors are NSAIDS

A

reversible competitive inhibotrs of PGH2 synthase COX

141
Q

what is is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Prostaglandin H2 Synthase (PGH2 Synthase = cyclooxygenase = COX

A

asprin

142
Q

what is an NSAId adverse effect

A

irritation of the gastric mucosa bc of the prostaglandins have protective role in GI tract

143
Q

wht does COX 2 do

A

reduce the change of gastric irritation and decrease the risk of peptic ulceration

144
Q

what is a biological membrane made of

A
  • continuous phase, fluid lipid bilayer and discontinuous phase: proteins
145
Q

what are extrinsic/perpheral membrane proteins

A

proteins that interact with the lipid bilayer
- bined via non covalent to membrane surface bc its easy to separate

146
Q

what are intrinsic/ integral proteins

A

have hydrophobic region that associates with membrane; hard to remove and difficult to solubilize

147
Q

how can you take integral proteins off

A

with a detergent

148
Q

how can linked lipids be removed

A

from membrane by phospholipase /c

149
Q

what membrane proteins bind via non covalent interactions to membrane surface and separate from membrane

A

peripheral

150
Q

what protein has a hydrophobic region that associates with membrane hard to remove and difficult

A

integral

151
Q

what is a mild nonionic deterngent

A

dissolves membranes without unfolding proteins
can be used to remove peripheral proteins

152
Q

what is an ionic detergent

A

dissolves membranes that unfolds (denatures) proteins
removes both integral and peripheral proteins

153
Q

what does a sucrose specifc porin

A
  • act as pores which molecules can diffuse
  • found in mitochondria ad in the outer membrane and gram -Ve bacteria
154
Q

lipids of the billayer can move and diffuse in what sate

A

laterally and rotate in the plane of the membrane but they can’t do transverse

155
Q

transverse diffusin is slow or fast

A

slow and its flip flop

156
Q

photobleaching

A
  • membrane lipid or protein is tagged with a flurorescent dye
  • can be labeled with fluroescent antibodies
157
Q

what is flippases

A

facilitate the lipids flipping from one layer to the other

158
Q

what is the phospholipid composition of the membrane bilayer

A

asymmetrical

159
Q

where are carbs located on proteins and lipids

A

noncytosolic side of the bilayer

160
Q

Contribute to Transverse Asymmetry

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids

161
Q

what is embedded in the membrane in a specific orientatoin curicl to their function and they also impoart assymetry to the membrane

A

protein

162
Q

what is an example of lateral asymmetry

A

lipid rafts
-FA attached is satureated

163
Q

what likes to self associate due to extensive van der waals interactions

A

spingolipid

164
Q
A

biochemistry Jonklaas (17 decks)

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