metabolism test 3

Question 1

what is metabolism

Answer 1

overall process which living organisms get and utilize energy to cary out functions

Question 2

what is a metabolite

Answer 2

small molecule intermediate in the degredation and synthesis of biopolymers

Question 3

what is catabolism

Answer 3

degradative pathways = exergonic oxidation

Question 4

anabolism

Answer 4

biosynthetic pathways = endergonic pro

Question 5

a series of consecutive enzymatic reactions that produce specific products

Answer 5

metabolic pathway

Question 6

how many metabolic reactions occur in the cell

Answer 6

4000

Question 7

what are properties of metabolic pathway

Answer 7

irreversible

Question 8

When a reaction is irreversible, what does that mean?

Answer 8

It means that the reaction is very organic meaning that you can’t go back and these are regulation points

Question 9

What steps is glycolysis regulated at?

Answer 9

One, three, and 10 because they have a large negative delta G meaning that the reaction is highly extra organic and irreversible

Question 10

Living things are never at what?

Answer 10

Equilibrium they are instead at a steady state meaning the amount entering, and the amount exiting is equal in a constant state of flux

Question 11

What does an independent route mean?

Answer 11

Independent control of rates so you need to control the amount of either one or two independent of each other

Question 12

What does feedback inhibition?

Answer 12

The product of a metabolic pathway, inhibit and enzyme further upstream in the pathway. This is referred to as the first enzyme in the product is the end product.

Question 13

What are some ways of controlling a metabolic pathway by negative feedback?

Answer 13

1. Feedback inhibition: the product of metabolic pathway, inhibits, and enzyme further upstream
2. product inhibition: the product of an enzyme catalysis reaction binds to inhibiting its activity

Question 14

What is a feedforward activation?

Answer 14

A metabolite early in the pathway activation enzyme further down the pathway

Question 15

Almost all of metabolism feats into what

Answer 15

The central reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 16

Why are C – H, C – C, and C – OH Barnes important

Answer 16

They harnessed energy stored in these bonds, and the cells can use the energy generated from oxidizing carbon to do work

Question 17

What is the most reduced form of carbon?

Answer 17

CH2

Question 18

What is the most oxidized form of carbon?

Answer 18

CO2

Question 19

Name the reduction and oxidized states of carbon atoms from reduced to most oxidize

Answer 19

CH2, CH20, CO CH02, CO2

Question 20

How much energy does animals get from fatty acids from a triglyceride?

Answer 20

-11,180 kJ per mol

Question 21

How much energy is from glucose

Answer 21

-2810 kJ per mole

Question 22

What is the energy carrier for most biological reactions also known as the main energy of the cell

Answer 22

ATP

Question 23

Lots of energy are stored in what type of bonds

Answer 23

Phospho and hydride bonds

Question 24

Explain what happens during ATP hydrolysis

Answer 24

-This is the energy that is stored in Phospho and hydride bonds
1. It relieves electrostatic repulsion.
2. The pie released by hydrolysis has better residence stabilization than it had on ATP.
3. A greater degree of salvation of products which further stabilizes the molecule.

Question 25

ATP plus H2O can yield AMP plus PPI what is the delta G

Answer 25

-45.6

Question 26

ATP plus H2O can yield ADP plus PI what is the delta G

Answer 26

-30.5

Question 27

Free energies are what?

Answer 27

Additive

Question 28

The Delta G for an overall reaction can be determined by adding what

Answer 28

The Delta G0 values for the two couple reactions

Question 29

If an uphill reaction where the Delta G is positive as couples to a more downhill reaction where the Delta G is negative the overall reaction can be made what

Answer 29

Downhill where the Delta G is negative

Question 30

What does a large delta G0 mean in phosphate transfer

Answer 30

Large Delta G means that it is an energy rich compound that has high energy phosphate bond with high phosphate transfer potential

Question 31

Do the phosphate compounds that are involved in DG hydrolysis do they form spontaneously?

Answer 31

No, they do not hydrolyze spontaneously because they are kinetically stable yet they do contain large amounts of stored free energy

Question 32

What is the delta G number for Delta G0 hydrolysis for energy rich compounds

Answer 32

Negative -25 kJ per mole or more

Question 33

What is a small delta G0 indicate of hydrolysis

Answer 33

Energy poor compound Low energy phosphate bond Low phosphate transfer potential

Question 34

What can a large delta de hydrolysis compound due to a smaller

Answer 34

It can transfer its phosphate group to a compound with a smaller Delta de hydrolysis

Question 35

What is substrate level phosphorylation or SLP?

Answer 35

Production of ATP by direct transfer of a high energy phosphate from a high energy phosphate compound From ADP The Delta hydrolysis is more negative than ATP

Question 36

If a large compound can transfer its phosphate group to a smaller compound with a smaller Delta G, what does this mean for ATP?

Answer 36

It means that it can be formed by SLP from very high energy compounds like pep and 13 BPG

Question 37

What is an example of a high energy compound that can make ATP

Answer 37

Acyl phosphate

Question 38

What is an example of a compound that can make ATP that has a huge delta G hydrolysis due to Eno keto Tata memorization

Answer 38

Phospho Enol pyruvate

Question 39

What is an example of a compound that can make ATP that contains a high energy and bond and it occurs in cardiac and skills of muscle and in the brain

Answer 39

Creatine phosphate

Question 40

Is a thio esther considered a high energy compound that can make ATP

Answer 40

Yes, and an example is acetyl-CoA

Question 41

Delta G changes are dependent on what

Answer 41

The concentration

Question 42

What is the standard value for free energy of hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 42

-30.5 kJ per mole

Question 43

Why are NADH and FADH important

Answer 43

They also provide the cell with energy, NADH has two high energy electrons and FAH has two high energy electrons

Question 44

What does FAD FMN stand for

Answer 44

FAD equals Flavin adenine di nucleotide FMN equals flavin adenine mono nucleotide

Question 45

What is the elucidation of metabolic pathways?

Answer 45

Sequences and energetics Control mechanisms Enzyme mechanic