metabolism test 3 Flashcards
what is metabolism
overall process which living organisms get and utilize energy to cary out functions
what is a metabolite
small molecule intermediate in the degredation and synthesis of biopolymers
what is catabolism
degradative pathways = exergonic oxidation
anabolism
biosynthetic pathways = endergonic pro
a series of consecutive enzymatic reactions that produce specific products
metabolic pathway
how many metabolic reactions occur in the cell
4000
what are properties of metabolic pathway
irreversible
When a reaction is irreversible, what does that mean?
It means that the reaction is very organic meaning that you can’t go back and these are regulation points
What steps is glycolysis regulated at?
One, three, and 10 because they have a large negative delta G meaning that the reaction is highly extra organic and irreversible
Living things are never at what?
Equilibrium they are instead at a steady state meaning the amount entering, and the amount exiting is equal in a constant state of flux
What does an independent route mean?
Independent control of rates so you need to control the amount of either one or two independent of each other
What does feedback inhibition?
The product of a metabolic pathway, inhibit and enzyme further upstream in the pathway. This is referred to as the first enzyme in the product is the end product.
What are some ways of controlling a metabolic pathway by negative feedback?
- Feedback inhibition: the product of metabolic pathway, inhibits, and enzyme further upstream
- product inhibition: the product of an enzyme catalysis reaction binds to inhibiting its activity
What is a feedforward activation?
A metabolite early in the pathway activation enzyme further down the pathway
Almost all of metabolism feats into what
The central reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Why are C – H, C – C, and C – OH Barnes important
They harnessed energy stored in these bonds, and the cells can use the energy generated from oxidizing carbon to do work
What is the most reduced form of carbon?
CH2
What is the most oxidized form of carbon?
CO2
Name the reduction and oxidized states of carbon atoms from reduced to most oxidize
CH2, CH20, CO CH02, CO2
How much energy does animals get from fatty acids from a triglyceride?
-11,180 kJ per mol
How much energy is from glucose
-2810 kJ per mole
What is the energy carrier for most biological reactions also known as the main energy of the cell
ATP
Lots of energy are stored in what type of bonds
Phospho and hydride bonds
Explain what happens during ATP hydrolysis
-This is the energy that is stored in Phospho and hydride bonds
1. It relieves electrostatic repulsion.
2. The pie released by hydrolysis has better residence stabilization than it had on ATP.
3. A greater degree of salvation of products which further stabilizes the molecule.
ATP plus H2O can yield AMP plus PPI what is the delta G
-45.6
ATP plus H2O can yield ADP plus PI what is the delta G
-30.5
Free energies are what?
Additive
The Delta G for an overall reaction can be determined by adding what
The Delta G0 values for the two couple reactions
If an uphill reaction where the Delta G is positive as couples to a more downhill reaction where the Delta G is negative the overall reaction can be made what
Downhill where the Delta G is negative
What does a large delta G0 mean in phosphate transfer
Large Delta G means that it is an energy rich compound that has high energy phosphate bond with high phosphate transfer potential
Do the phosphate compounds that are involved in DG hydrolysis do they form spontaneously?
No, they do not hydrolyze spontaneously because they are kinetically stable yet they do contain large amounts of stored free energy
What is the delta G number for Delta G0 hydrolysis for energy rich compounds
Negative -25 kJ per mole or more
What is a small delta G0 indicate of hydrolysis
Energy poor compound
Low energy phosphate bond
Low phosphate transfer potential
What can a large delta de hydrolysis compound due to a smaller
It can transfer its phosphate group to a compound with a smaller Delta de hydrolysis
What is substrate level phosphorylation or SLP?
Production of ATP by direct transfer of a high energy phosphate from a high energy phosphate compound
From ADP
The Delta hydrolysis is more negative than ATP
If a large compound can transfer its phosphate group to a smaller compound with a smaller Delta G, what does this mean for ATP?
It means that it can be formed by SLP from very high energy compounds like pep and 13 BPG
What is an example of a high energy compound that can make ATP
Acyl phosphate
What is an example of a compound that can make ATP that has a huge delta G hydrolysis due to Eno keto Tata memorization
Phospho Enol pyruvate
What is an example of a compound that can make ATP that contains a high energy and bond and it occurs in cardiac and skills of muscle and in the brain
Creatine phosphate
Is a thio esther considered a high energy compound that can make ATP
Yes, and an example is acetyl-CoA
Delta G changes are dependent on what
The concentration
What is the standard value for free energy of hydrolysis of ATP
-30.5 kJ per mole
Why are NADH and FADH important
They also provide the cell with energy, NADH has two high energy electrons and FAH has two high energy electrons
What does FAD FMN stand for
FAD equals Flavin adenine di nucleotide
FMN equals flavin adenine mono nucleotide
What is the elucidation of metabolic pathways?
Sequences and energetics
Control mechanisms
Enzyme mechanic
